1781 [United Kingdom] Planet Uranus; discovery by William Herschel. (see uranium) 
1789 [Germany] Element Uranium discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth.(Utilized as a glass-coloring agent.) 
1828 [Sweden] Element Thorium discovered by Jons Jakob Berzlius.　Named from Norse god of thunder, "Thor". Utilized as a mantle for gas lights. 
1846.6 [France] Planet Neptune discovered by J.Galle. (see neptunium) 
1873 [United Kingdom] "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism "published by James Clerk Maxwell, of Cavendish Laboratory. 
1885 [Switzerland] Balmer series in　spectrum of the hydrogen atom　and the Balmer equation on spectrum series by Johann Jakob Balmer. 
1890 [Sweden] Rydberg equation by Johannes Robert Rydberg. (Rydberg　constant used in spectroscopy) 
1895.11.8 [Germany] X-ray discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. (Received 1901 Nobel prize.) 
1896.3.1 [France] Radioactivity discovered by Henri Becquerel due to darkening of a photographic dry plate by a uranium compound. Named "radioactivity"by Marie Curie. (Received 1903 Nobel prize.) 
1897 [Netherlands] Zeeman effect discovered by Pieter Zeeman. Separation of spectral lines in magnetic field. (Received 1902 Nobel prize.) 
1897 [United Kingdom] Electron's existence verified by Joseph John Thomson at Cavendish laboratory. (Received 1906 Nobel prize.) 
1898 [Canada] Alpha-ray and beta-ray discovered by Ernest Rutherford(Lord Nelson). They were distinguished by different transmissibility. 
1898.12.26 [France] Radium and polonium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie. Purified from uranium ore, named for Poland. (Received 1903 Nobel prize.) Used prize money to found the Radium Research Laboratory. 
1900.10.19 [Germany] Quantum theory of radiation presented by Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. 
1900 [France] Gamma-ray discovered by P.V.Villard. 
1900 [France] Beta-ray is cathode ray, proved by Henri Becquerel. 
1900 [Canada] Radioactive gas (called emanation) from thorium discovered by Ernest Rutherford. 
1900 [France] Radioactive gas from radium discovered by Marie Curie. 
1900 [France] Radioactive gas from actinium. 
1903 [Canada] Theory of atomic decay and radioactivity presented by Ernest Rutherford and Frederic Soddy. Transition of thorium to radon gas. Half life of radioactivity. (Received 1908 Nobel prize.) 
1903 [Japan] Saturn model of atom presented by Hantarou Nagaoka. It does not solve the problem of the stability of electron orbit. Nagaoka met with Rutherford in 1911 but failed to get any his comments about the issue. 
1903.12.17 [U.S.A.] The first engine-powered airplane flown by Wright brothers in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 
1905 [Germany] Special theory of relativity presented by Albert Einstein. Quantum mechanism of photoelectric effect and photon. mass ＝energy,Ｅ＝ｍｃ2. (Received 1921 Nobel prize.) 
1905 [Canada] Uniformity of alpha-ray mass discovered by Otto Hahn, a student of Rutherford at McGill University, Montreal 
1906 [Canada] Scattering of alpha-ray;discovery by Ernest Rutherford. Refraction of alpha-ray by mica indicating the existence of high electric field within atom. (McGill University) 
1908 [United Kingdom] Geiger Counter; developed by Hans Geiger. Device for detecting radioactivity. Geiger was a student of Rutherford at Manchester University. 
1908 [United Kingdom] Alpha-ray shown to be equivalent to helium nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in the commemorative lecture of Nobel prize. 
1909 [United Kingdom] Detection of alpha-ray scattering by Ernest Marsden, a student of Rutherford. Reflection of alpha-particle by 90 degree during passage through gold foil. 
1911.3.7 [United Kingdom] Atomic nucleus proposed by Ernest Rutherford, not referring to the Saturn model of Hantaro Nagaoka. 
1911.10.30 The First Solvay Meeting with Einstein,Plank,Lorenz,Poincare,Curie,Langevin,Rutherford. On radioactivity and quantum theory. 
1911 [United Kingdom] Cloud chamber developed by Charles Thompson Rees Wilson. Detection of flight course of ionic nucleus by cloud developed in supersaturated mixed gas of argon and ethanol. At Cavendish Laboratory.(Received 1927 Nobel prize.) 
1911 [Austria] Cosmic rays verified by Victor Francis Hess measuring in a balloon 5 km high. (Received 1936 Nobel prize) 
1912 [United Kingdom] Radiothorium purified from barium compound by Otto Hahn. Later identified as isotope of thorium. 
1912.11 [Germany] Diffraction of X rays found by Max Theodore Felixvon Laue. Irradiation of crystallized zinc sulphate proving that x ray is an electromagnetic wave. (Received 1914 Nobel prize.) 
1913.3.6 [Denmark] Planetary model of atomic structure presented by Niels Hendrik David Bohr. Developed out of quantum theory. (Received 1922Nobel prize.) 
1913 [United Kingdom] Isotope concept presented by Frederick Soddy, a student of Rutherford. (Received 1922 Nobel prize.) 
1913 [United Kingdom] Separation of neon isotope by Francis Aston utilizing a gaseous diffusion method by repeating diffusion through china clay partition thousands times. 
1913 [United Kingdom] The theory of X ray diffraction presented by William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg, father and son. (Received 1915 Nobel prize.) 
1913.11 [United Kingdom] Correspondence of x-ray spectrum and atomic number discovered by Henry Gwgn Jeffreys Moseley. Died 1915 in battle in Turkey. 
1914[United Kingdom] H.G. Wells published "The World Set Free", in which he wrote about the creation of atomic weapons, their use and impact on the political world. The novel is significant due to its political and technical accuracy. It is one of the first written predictions of atomic weapons. 
1914.6.28 The First World War triggered by assassination of Austrian Crown Prince by a Serbian youth in Sarajevo. 
1915.11.25 [Germany] General theory of relativity presented by Albert Einstein, explaining shift of orbit of the Mercury and predicting the refraction of star light by mass of the sun. 
1917.5.25 [Germany] Bombing of Forkston, the first strategic bombing. 
1917 [United Kingdom] Emergence of isotope of oxygen atom and hydrogen nucleus by alpha-ray irradiation of nitrogen atom, by E.Rutherford. 
1917.11.7 [Russia] October Revolution. 
1918 [United Kingdom] Mass spectroscopy developed by Francis William Aston, making it possible to detect all isotopes. (Received 1922 Nobel prize.) 
1918.10 [Hungary] Revolution. 
1919.5.29 [United Kingdom] Detection of refraction of light of stars due to mass of the sun by Arthur Stanley Eddington at a total eclipse of the sun in west Africa. 
1920 [United Kingdom] Proton proposed by E.Rutherford. 
1920.6.3 [United Kingdom] Isotope of hydrogen and neutron, a possible intrusion of neutron into nucleus, proposed by E.Rutherford. 
1922.12 [Denmark] Hafnium, the 72nd element, discovered by Georgede Hevesy and D.Coster. (CHAFNIA is Copenhagen in ancient Romanian regime.)Its existence was predicted from the periodic table. 
1923 [U.S.A.] Compton effect, or Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Compton. Longer wave length of X-ray scattered by graphite, detected by a spectrometer. A proof of particle nature of light. (Received 1927Nobel prize.) 
1923.11.8 [Germany] Adolf Hitler is sent to Landesberg prison for treason. There, he dictates his autobiography Mein Kampf. 
1924 [France] Wave nature of electron proposed by Louis de Broglie.(Received 1929 Nobel prize.) 
1925 [Germany] Theory of quantum mechanics founded by Werner Karl Heizenberg at the N.Bohr Institute, in Copenhagen, Denmark. (Received 1932Nobel prize.) 
1926 [Austria] Theory of wave mechanics developed by Erwin Schroedinger.(Received 1933 Nobel prize.) 
1927. 2 [Germany] Uncertainty principle proposed by E. Heisenberg. The idea that light is not only wave but also particle emerged during a walk in a park under a starlit sky . 
1927 [United Kingdom, U.S.A.] Wave nature of electron;Confirmation by George Paget Thomson and Clinton Joseph Davisson. (Received 1937 Nobel prize.) 
1928 [U.S.A.]Positron; Prediction by Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac. Incorporation of relativity to Schroedinger equation (spin of electron). (Received 1933Nobel prize.) 
1929. 4 [U.S.A.] Idea of Cyclotron for accelerating sub-atomic particles occurred to Ernest Orlando Lawrence and M.S.Livingston. 
1930. 3 [U.S.A.] Pluto discovered by C.W.Tombaugh. (see plutonium) 
1930 [Germany] Discovery of radiation which penetrates a leadblock by Walter Bethe. (Received 1954 Nobel prize.)  
1932. 1.18 [France] Proton emission from beryllium irradiated by alpha-ray, discovered by Frederick Joliot and Irene Curie.  
1932. 2.27 [England] Neutron discovered by James Chadwick, verifying　Rutherford's Baker Lecture. (Received 1935 Nobel prize.) 
1932. 2 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron developed by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and　M.S.Livingston of California University, 27.5 inch size developing one　million electron volts. (Received 1939 Nobel prize) 
1932. 4 [England] Conversion of element by John Douglas Cockcroftand Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton. Emergence of helium by irradiating highspeed proton to lithium, based on Gamow's tunnel effect. (Received 1951Nobel prize) 
1932. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] Positron discovered by Carl David Anderson, detecting a cosmic-ray shower using a cloud chamber. (Received 1936 Nobel prize) 
1932 [U.S.A.] Deuterium discovered by Harold Clayton Urey. (Received1934 Nobel prize) 
1932.12 Albert Einstein seeks refuge in Belgium. 
1933. 1.30 [Germany] Adolf Hitler becomes the Fuehrer of the Third Reich. 
1933. 3.30 Leo Szilard escapes from Berlin to Vienna.  
1933. 4. 7 [Germany] Promulgation of anti-Judish law by Nazi government. 
1933.5 L. Szilard moves to England.  
1933. 9. 9 A. Einstein moves to England.  
1933. 9.12 [England] Idea of chain reaction via neutron by L.Szilard.He took a hint on the Times' report of Rutherford's lecture about atomic　transition. The idea of atomic bomb was patented in 1934. The patent was　transferred in secret to England's navy, 1936.2. 
1933.10. 7 Albert Einstein moves to U.S.A.  
1933.10 The 7th Solvay meeting. M. Curie, E. Rutherford, N. Bohr,L. Meitner, W. Heisenberg, W. Pauli, E. Fermi, J. Chadwick, G. Gamow, F.and I. Curie, P.M.S. Blackett, R.E. Peierls. In Brussels. On the structure　of proton.  
1933.10 G. Gamow escapes from Soviet Union, seeks refuge in U.S.A.　after the Solvay meeting. 
1933.12 [Italy] Weak interaction and beta-decay theory by Enrico　Fermi. (Received 1938 Nobel prize.) 
1933 Rudolf Ernst Peierls seeks refuge in England. 
1933 [Germany] Project of rocket development; by v.Brown. 
1934. 1.15 [France] Artificial radioactivity. F. and I. Curie detected　radioactive phosphorus and positron by means of a Geiger counter after irradiating aluminum with alpha-rays from polonium. Blessed by M.Curie who was suffering from leucaemia caused by irradiation. (Recieved 1935Nobel prize) 
1934. 5.10 [Italy] Transuranic elements assumed by E.Fermi based on　experimental results of irradiation of proton from radon and beryllium　to uranium  
1934. 9 [Germany] Possibility of nuclear fission proposed by Ida　Noddack, a feminine scientist, not attracting attention. 
1934.10.22 [Italy] Radioactivity induced by slow neutrons discovered　by E.Fermi. 
1934 [United Kingdom] Hydrogen fusion reaction discovered by Marcus Oliphant and Paul Harteck, Cavendish Laboratory. Bombarding hydrogen2-deutreum, in the form of concentrated heavy water- with deuterium-accelerated nuclei. 
1934 [U.S.S.R.] A small cyclotron was built by Abram I. Alikhanov and Igor Kurchatov. The first cyclotron operating outside U.S.A. 
1935. 2 Hans Albrecht Bethe seeks refuge in U.S.A. 
1935. 8 Edward Teller seeks refuge in U.S.A. 
1935 Eugene Paul Wigner and Johann Ludwig von Neumann seek refuge　in U.S.A. 
1935 [Japan] Meson predicted by Hideki Yukawa. Pi meson is a hadron　involved in alpha-decay and nuclear force. (Received 1949 Nobel prize.) 
1936. 1.27 [Denmark] Liquid-drop model of atomic nucleus proposed by　Niels Bohr. 
1936 [England] Energy production by conversion of hydrogen to　helium proposed in a lecture by Francis William Aston.
Ｅ＝ｍｃ2. A glass of water is enough for a full speed cruise of the Queen Mary in Atlantic Ocean.  
1937. 4.26 [Germany][SPAIN] Guernica. Indiscriminate bombing by German　air force assisting Franco army. Protested by P. Picasso in famous painting. 
1937 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron with 60 inches diameter and 220 tons magnet; Planed by E.Lawrence as a medical appliance, depending on private contribution. 
1938. 3.13 [Germany] Austria annexed. 
1938. 7.14 [Italy] Jews banned from public office. 
1938. 7.17 L.Meitner with a help by N.Bohr escapes carrying an expired　passport from Germany to Stockholm via Copenhagen. 
1938. 8 Emilio Gino Segre seeks refuge in U.S.A.  
1938. 9 [France] Radioactivity with a half life of 3.5 hr produced　by neutron irradiation of uranium is from lanthanum, reported by Curie and Savitch.  
1938 [U.S.A.] Uranium 235 and uranium238(ratio　of 1:139 in natural uranium), analyzed by Alfred Nier by means of Dempster's　mass spectrometer.  
1938 [Germany] Isotope-separating device developed by Klaus Cladius　and G.Dicker employing a gas thermal diffusion method. 
1938.12.19 [Germany] Uranium nuclear fission: Barium is detected　by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann after irradiation by neutron of uranium　at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. They asked L.Meitner's comments by a letter.　Beginning of the Barium Fantasy. (Received 1944 Nobel prize.) 
1939. 1. 2 E.Fermi travels to U.S.A. Awarded Nobel prize and seeks refuge　in U.S.A with a help of N. Bohr. Fermi's wife is a Jew. 
1939. 1. 6 [Denmark] A theoretical explanation of nuclear fission of　uranium written by L.Meitner and Otto Frisch employing a liquid drop model and theory of relativity. Next day N.Bohr brought a copy of the paper to　U.S.A. Conversion of one fifth of the mass of a proton to energy is plausible. 
1939. 1.13 [Denmark] Detection of uranium nuclear fission by a cloud　chamber by Otto Frisch. Later nuclear fission of thorium was verified.　Thorium nuclear fission is triggered with fast neutron. 
1939. 1.14 [Denmark] Nuclear Fission named by Otto Frisch, an analogy　of bacterial cell division called binary fission, suggested by William Arnold, an American Biologist. 
1939. 1.16 [U.S.A.] N.Bohr travels to New York.
Bohr did not wish to make the nuclear fission story public, but John Feurer　announced the news at a meeting at Princeton University.  
1939. 1.17 [Denmark] Otto Frisch submits a　paper of the theory and experiments　on nuclear fission of uranium. 
1939. 1.25 [U.S.A.] Verification of the uranium nuclear fission by means　of an oscilloscope by Herbert Anderson, a student of Fermi. Emission of neutron by irradiating hydrogen with deuteron accelerated by means of cyclotron　at Columbia University. Failure in previous experiment by Fermi in Rome　was due to an obstruction by aluminum foils. 
1939. 1.26 [France] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by J. and　I. Curie. They failed to detect neutron emission. 
1939. 1.26 [U.S.A.] The fifth Washington meeting sponsored by American　Physics Society. N. Bohr, E. Fermi, Otto Stern, H.C. Urey, Gregory Bright,　Issidor Isaac Rabi, G. Gamow, E. Teller, Merle Tuve. Lectures by N.Bohrand E.Fermi on the uranium nuclear fission called "splitters." 
1939. 1.28 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Richard　Roberts and Robert Meyer. Emission of neutron on irradiating lithium with　deutron accelerated by a van de Graaff accelerator, was employed for irradiation　of uranium. Demonstration to members in the Washington Conference. Delayed　neutron was detected in later experiments, a discovery suggesting a possibility　of reactor control. 
1939. 1.30 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Phillip　Abelson. Luis Walter Alvarez transferred the news of nuclear fission of　uranium to Abelson. They found tellurium-52 and zirconium-40 as the fission　products. J.R.Oppenheimer, as noted by Alvarez, predicted neutron emission　and possibility of developing atomic bomb. 
1939. 2.7 [U.S.A.] Nuclear fission of 235uranium is caused　by slow neutron, a theory proposed by N.Bohr and John Archibald Wheeler. 
1939. 3.17 [U.S.A.] The first meeting on nuclear energy for military　purposes. The first proposal by scientists (G.P. Pegram and E.Fermi) of　the development of atomic bomb to Navy. E. Fermi talked on the controlled　reaction by slow neutron, explosion by fast neutron and reaction in the　supernova.  
1939. 3 [France] More than one neutron emitted with nuclear fission　of uranium observed by J. Curie, Hans Halban and Lew Kowarski.  
1939. 3 [U.S.A.] About two neutrons emitted with nuclear fission　of uranium verified independently by L.Szilard and Walter Zinn.  
1939. 4.22 [France] Number of neutrons emitted with nuclear fission　of 235uranium is 3.5 /fission. Later corrected to 2.6/fission.By F.J.Curie, H.Halban and L.Kowarski.  
1939. 4.29 [Germany] A secret conference about a research program on the nuclear bomb in Berlin. A trade embargo on uranium and radium. Letter of Paul Harteck. 
1939. 4 [U.S.A.] John Dunning's request to Alfred Nier to separate235uranium.  
1939. 5 N. Bohr returns to Copenhagen in order to support refugee　scientists. 
1939. 7.3 [U.S.A.] Idea of nuclear reactor (pile) by E.Fermi and L.Szilard.Natural uranium as fuel and graphite as moderator of neutron energy.  
1939. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] A letter of A.Einstein to President Roosevelt.L. Szilard, E. Teller and E. Wigner persuaded Einstein to warn President　Roosevelt of German menace. The letter suggested the possibility of uranium　bomb.  
1939 Otto Frisch seeks refuge in England. 
1939. 9. 1 World War II begins with the German invasion　of Poland. Blitzkrieg by tanks. 
1939. 9. 3 England and France go to war against Germany. 
1939. 9.16 [Germany] A secret conference in Berlin on Bohr's paper about　nuclear fission.  
1939. 9.26 [Germany] The second Berlin meeting. Start of German nuclear　bomb project: Kurt Diepner, Erich Bagge , W. Heisenberg and Paul Harteck. 
1939.10.11 [U.S.A.] Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt, presented　by Alexander Sachs. 
1939.10.21 [U.S.A.] The 1st uranium advisory committee. Financial aid　to development of nuclear reactor rather than to yet uncertain atomic bomb.[A. Lyman, J. Briggs, A. Sachs, L. Szilard, E. Teller and E. Wigner]  
1939.10 [England] An idea by J. Chadwick for an atomic bomb utilizing　natural uranium based on a paper by R.Peierls, mass needed for critical　state: 30-40 tons. 
1939.12.6 [Germany]Report by W.Heisenberg of the possibility of a uranium　bomb to Germany Department of War.  
1939.12 [U.S.A.] A discovery by Edwin Mattison McMillan of the existence　of the radioactive substance that stays in uranium on nuclear fission experiment. 
1939 [U.S.A.] A theory of energy production in stars by Hans Albrecht　Bethe, the carbon cycle. (Received 1967 Nobel Prize.) 
1940.2.1 [England] An idea by O.Frisch and E.Peierls of highly　enriched uranium bomb presented in a 3 page memo describing the critical　mass as 600 g. Presented via Mark Oliphant of Birmingham University to　Henry T. Tizard. 
1940.2.29 [U.S.A.] Separation of uranium235 by A.Nier. 1/1,000,000,000gon a nickel film was sent to John R.Dunning in a letter. Uranium chloride(IV)or uranium fluoride(IV) was used. Minnesota University. 
1940.2 [U.S.A.] Uranium research budget of $6000 authorized: the　purchase cost of graphite for E.Fermi and L.Szilard. 
1940.3.2 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium235 fission　with slow neutron by J.Dunning (irradiation by a cyclotron of a sample　separated by A.Nier. (Colombia University) 
1940.4.9 [Germany] Invasion and occupation of Denmark. 
1940.4.10 [England] George Paget Thomson committee. Small scale separation　experiments utilizing uranium fluoride(VI) agreed.  
1940.4.24 [England] The 2nd George Paget Thomson committee. 
1940.4.28 [U.S.A.] The 2nd uranium advisory committee. Necessity of basic research admitted. George B. Pegram and E. Fermi sit in. 
1940.5.10 [U.S.A.] President Roosevelt's appeal for cooperation of　The American Scientists Federation. E. Teller decides to participate in　nuclear weapon research. 
1940.5.27 [U.S.A.] A new 93rd element is discovered through irradiation　of uranium oxide using deutrons accelerated by a cyclotron. Called Neptuniumby E.McMillan. (Received 1951 Nobel Prize) 
1940.5.27 [U.S.A.] The possibility of nuclear fission of transuranic　elements proposed by Louis A. Turner. 
1940.6 [France] H. Halban and L. Kowarski escape to England carrying180 L heavy water with all the data of J.Curie. An test of a chain reaction　utilizing the heavy water carried out at the Cavendish Laboratory failed. 
1940.6.14 [France] Paris falls to the German army. 
1940.6 [U.S.A.] National Defense Research Committee(NDRC) swallows　up uranium advisory committee. Project for enriching 235uranium and elimination of refugee scientists discussed. 
1940.6 [England] A gas dispersion method experiment by Franz Simon,　utilizing a copper partition for separating vapor and carbon dioxide. 
1940.6 [England] Renaming of George Paget Thomson committee to MAUD　committee. 
1940.6 [Soviet Union] Uranium Committee established in Academy of　Science by Igor Kurchatov. Interrupted due to German invasion in June,1941. 
1940.10 [Japan] Army commander Suzuki's report of the possibility　of developing an atomic bomb based on a survey of uranium deposit in Chinese　and Burma. 
1940.11 [U.S.A.] E. McMillan moves to radar research at MIT. 
1940.11 [U.S.A.] Start of experiment on gas dispersion method for　enriching uranium-235 by H.Urey and J.Dunning. Uranium fluoride(VI) vaporizes　at 56 deg C. 
1940.12.15 [U.S.A.] Nuclear fission of the new element 94239foreseen by E.Fermi and E. Segre. The possibility of a new element produced　in a nuclear reactor. 
1940.12.16 [U.S.A.] A new element 94239. A plan for production　utilizing the 60-inchs cyclotron proposed by E. Lawrence, E. Segre, E.Fermi and G. Pegram.  
1940.12.28 [England] A new idea of heavy water nuclear reactor by H.Halban.　A method for separation of element 93, discovered by Pletcher was conveyed　to U.S.A. 
1940.12 [England] A plan for a factory for separation of uranium235by F.Simon. (MAUD committee, gas dispersion method.) 
1940.12 [England] A possibility of nuclear fission of new element94 reported to MAUD committee. 
1940.12 [Japan] A measurement of cross-section started by Yoshio　Nishina. Blueprint of 60-inch cyclotron was a gift of E. Lawrence. 
1940 [Soviet Union] Spontaneous fission of uranium discovered　by George Flerov. 
1941 [U.S.A.] P.Abelson moves to Navy Research Institute in order　to develop a small size nuclear reactor for submarine. 
1941.1.28 [U.S.A.]A new element 94238discovered by E.Segreand Glenn T. Seaborg. Uranium oxide was irradiated by deutrons accelerated　with a cyclotron. (Received 1951 Nobel prize.)  
1941.2.23 [U.S.A.] New element 94 chemically separated as a solution　by E. Segre, G. Seaborg and Arthur Wall.  
1941.3.6 [U.S.A.] New element 94239 by irradiation of 1.2kg uranium oxide with neutrons emitted from beryllium irradiated by deutron.1 microgram of element was obtained. E. Segre and G. Seaborg. 
1941.3.17 [U.S.A.] E. Lawrence proposes promotion of "uranium plan" based on conviction of the enriching method of uranium-235 utilizing　cyclotron.  
1941.3.28 [U.S.A.] Verification of nuclear fission of new element 94239by E.Segre,G.Seaborg and Joseph Kennedy. Irradiation of new element 94by paraffin-decelerated neutron emitted from beryllium irradiated by deutron.　About 1.5 times of that by uranium irradiation.  
1941.3 [U.S.A.] Improved measurement of cross section of uranium235by M.Tuve (the result was transmitted to England). 
1941.3 [England] Critical mass of uranium235 calculated by R.Peierls. 
1941. 3 [U.S.A.] Lend-Lease Act. President Roosevelt proposed to help Britain and other countries defend themselves against Germany. 
1941.4 [Japan] Army approves atomic bomb research. 
1941. 5 [United Kingdom] Klaus Fuchs, a German emigre theoretical physicist, a student of R. Peierls, started research of atomic bomb. A stalwart communist and Soviet espionage agent.  
1941. 6.22 [Germany] Invasion by Hitler into Soviet Union. 
1941. 7. 3 [U.S.S.R.] Formation of State Defence Committee (GKO)
[Stalin,Molotov,Voroshilov,Malenkov and Beria] 
1941.5.18 [U.S.A.] Cross section of new element 94239 assessed　by E.Segre and G.Seaborg. Nuclear fission caused by slow neutron is 1.7times of that in uranium235. 
1941.5 [Japan] A lecture by Tokutaro Hagiwara of explosive uranium235. 
1941.6.23 [England] George Paget Thomson and MAUD committee reports　convincing evidence of developing uranium235bomb.  
1941.7.7 [England] The conclusion of MAUD committee transmitted to　U.S.A. 
1941.7.11 [U.S.A.] A memorandum regarding a nuclear fission of the94th element by E.Lawrence. (Possibility of plutonium bomb) 
1941.7.24 [U.S.A.] The cross section of new element 94239:The nuclear fission caused by slow neutron is 3.4 times of that of uranium238. 
1941.8 [England] Encouragement by M.Oliphant to nuclear power project　in U.S.A.  
1941.9 [U.S.A.] Triggering by atomic bomb of hydrogen bomb studied　by E. Fermi and E. Teller. 
1941.9 [U.S.A.] Construction of a graphite pile started by E. Fermiand L. Szilard. 
1941.10.9 [U.S.A.] MAUD report brought to President Roosevelt by Vannevar　Bush. Atomic bomb development project started with transferring the focus　from nuclear reactor to atomic bomb. 
1941.10 Discussion by N. Bohr and W. Heisenberg of a heavy water　type pile in Copenhagen. 
1941.11.6 [U.S.A.] The 3rd NSA report of Compton committee. (Uranium　bomb possible within 3-4 years. Fifty to one hundred million dollars for　uranium enriching plant.) 
1941.11.27 [U.S.A.] Submission of the 3rd NAS report to President Roosevelt. 
1941.11 [U.S.A.] Separation of uranium235 by J.Dunning　and U.Booth. (A gas dispersion method using uranium fluoride(VI).) 
1941.12.1 [U.S.A.] Data of nuclear fission of new element 94239given to A.Compton by E.Lawrence. 
1941.12.2 [U.S.A.] Separation of 100 micrograms uranium235by E.Lawrence. 
1941.12.6 [U.S.A.] Submission of plutonium bomb project by A.Compton. 
1941.12.6 A counterattack to Germany corps by Soviet Union in Moscow. 
1941.12.8 [Japan] A surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. (In U.S.A. date　was 12.7)  
1941.12.9 [U.S.A.] A plutonium bomb project started by A. Compton and　V. Bush without report to President Roosevelt. 
1941.12.16 [U.S.A.] V. Bush required participation of Engineering Brigade　in atomic bomb project. 
1941.12.18 [U.S.A.]OSRD creates the S-1 committee, a special committee　created by V.Bush. [Connant, Briggs, Pegram, Compton, Lawrence, Urey, Samuel　Allison, G.Bright, Edward Condon and Henry DeWolf Smyth]  
1941.12.20 [U.S.A.] Budget for developing atomic bomb of $651,000 (half　year portion) authorized.  
1941.12 [U.S.A.] Calutron built by E.O. Lawrence: A 184-inch cyclotron　to separate U235. By the summer of 1942 most of the design problems　had been solved. The new machine was named Calutron after the University　of California. 
1942.1.24 [U.S.A.] Concentration of the atomic power research (Pile Plan) to the Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory. [A. Compton, E. Lawrence,L. Szilard and others]  
1942. 9 [U.S.S.R.] Soviet Atomic Bomb Project started. Led by Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov（40 years old）. 
1942.3 [U.S.A.] Naming of new elements by G.Seaborg: Neptunium for93 and Plutonium for 94. (Named for planets Uranus, Neptune and Pluto) 
1942.3 [Soviet Union] Beria, the director of secret police, reports western situation of the nuclear development to Stalin, based on spy's information.  
1942.4.18 [U.S.A.] The first bombing of Tokyo by several B-25 bombers taking off an aircraft carrier "Hornet" in the Pacific Ocean. 
1942.4.23 [U.S.A.] Chemistry Conference at Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory[G.Seaborg,E.Wigner,J.Wheeler and others] on plutonium-separation technology including precipitation method. 
1942.4 [U.S.A.] An experimental facility for ultra-micro chemical analysis established at Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory.  
1942.4 [Soviet Union] A letter from G. Flerov to Stalin estimating western development of nuclear fission technology from the fact that papers relating to nuclear fission were gone from scientific journals. 
1942.5.14 [U.S.A.] J. Conant's report of the atomic bomb development research presented to V. Bush, director of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.  
1942.5.15 [U.S.A.] Delayed neutrons are below 1% of prompt neutrons. K (criticality factor) of prompt neutron is 1 or less and K including delay neutron is 1 or more.  
1942.5.18 [U.S.A.] G. Bright resigned the person in charge of nuclear fission study using fast neutron claiming insufficient secrecy. He required a new research institute. 
1942.5.26 [U.S.A.] Magnets for cyclotron of 184 inches that develops Calutron completed. Gross weight was 4000 t.  
1942.5 [U.S.A.] The designing of Chicago Pile number 1 (CP-1) starts.[E.Fermi, H.Anderson]  
1942.6.5 Japanese corps defeated at Midway naval battle.  
1942.6.11 [U.S.A.] R. Oppenheimer named as successor of G.Bright: Arrived at Chicago to research nuclear fission caused by fast neutrons. 
1942.6.13 [U.S.A.] 'Nuclear fission bomb' report to the president submitted by V. Bush and J. Conant. Scientists are convinced of feasibility of plutonium plan.  
1942.6.17 [U.S.A.] The production of plutonium started. 45-inch cyclotrons of St. Louis University and Washington University were used. 136 kg uranium nitro-oxide(VI) was irradiated continuously for one month.  
1942.6.17 [U.S.A.] President Franklin Roosevelt authorized the atomic bomb development plan.  
1942.6.25 [U.S.A.] The 1st S-1 committee meets. Participants: Conant,Briggs, Compton, Lawrence, Urey, Murphrey, Major General Wilhelm D. Styer,Colonel George C.Marshall, Colonel Kenneth D. Nichols. Centrifuge separation method and gas dispersion method were unfinished. Electric power required was estimated as 108,000 KW.  
1942.6.27 [U.S.A.] Conference at Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory.[Compton, Allison, Fermi, Seaborg, Szilard, Teller, Wigner, Walter Zinn].Start of feasible nuclear warfare study encouraged by A.Compton.  
1942.7.9 [U.S.A.] S-1 committee approves construction of heavy water factory at Canada Trail. Order given to Consolidated Co.  
1942.7.27 [U.S.A.] Plutonium arrives at Chicago from St. Louis.  
1942.7 [U.S.A.] The Berkley summer study. A. Compton had asked theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California-Berkleyto study the feasibility of a nuclear weapon. Oppenheimer convened a summer study at UC-Berkley. [Oppenheimer, H.Bethe, E.Teller, John Van Vleck, FelixBloch, Richard Tolman, Emil Konopinski, Robert Serber, L.Alvarez, J.Lawson,Robert Thornton, Robert Becker] Feasibility concluded. The chief uncertainties lay in the experimental values for neutron cross-sections, numbers of neutrons that would be produced in fission and cause other atoms to fission in a rapid chain reaction. The scientists suggested that such a reaction could be initiated by assembling a critical mass--an amount of nuclear explosive adequate to sustain it--either by firing two subcritical masses of plutonium or uranium 235 together or by imploding (crushing) a hollow sphere made of these materials with a blanket of high explosives (Tolman). Teller saw another possibility: by surrounding a fission bomb with deuterium and tritium, a much more powerful "superbomb" might be constructed. This concept was based on studies made by Bethe before the war of energy production in stars. When the detonation wave from the fission bomb moved through the mixture of deuterium and tritium nuclei, they would fuse together to produce much more energy than fission, just as elements fused in the sun produce light and heat. The summer conferences, the results of which were later summarized by Serber in "The Los Alamos Primer" (LA-1),provided the theoretical basis for the design of the atomic bomb, which was to become the principal task at Los Alamos during the war, and the idea of the H-bomb, which was to haunt the Laboratory in the postwar era. Seldom has a physics summer school been as portentous for the future of mankind. By Robert Seidel.  
1942.8.11 [U.S.A.] Manhattan Engineering District (MED) created by Colonel James C. Marshall.  
1942.8.20 [U.S.A.] Plutonium separated as a solid by Burris Cunningham and Louis B.Werner.  
1942.9.14 [U.S.A.] Purchase of the uranium ore advised by S-1 committee. 
1942.9.17 [U.S.A.] Colonel Leslie R. Groves (46 years old) is appointed to the commander of MED and the director Manhattan Project.  
1942.9.18 [U.S.A.] Uranium ore purchased: 1250 tons stored in open-air on Staten Island since 1940.  
1942.9.19 [U.S.A.] The highest priority of supply given to Manhattan Project by War Production Board.  
1942.9.21 [U.S.A.] L. Groves and J. Marshall visit the Navy Research Institute. 
1942.9.23 [U.S.A.] L. Groves promoted to Brigadier General.  
1942.9 [U.S.A.] Trouble at Chicago: Repellence by L.Szilard, E.Fermi, J.Wheeler and others to Stone & Webster Co.  
1942.9 [U.S.A.] Clinton, Tennessee (Site X): 5200 acres site purchased for factory of separation of Uranium235. Oak Ridge is the name of residence area. For full-scale production of enriched uranium and for the pilot-scale production of plutonium.  
1942.9 Anglo-French atomic power accord. 
1942.10.5 [U.S.A.] L. Groves visits Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory. 
1942.10.18 [U.S.A.] L. Groves, V. Bush and J.R. Oppenheimer talk at Berkeley:  
1942.11.5 [U.S.A.] Construction of production plant with the electromagnetic separation method ordered by L. Groves to Stone and Webster Co. [Electric supply by General Electric; magnets by Allice Chalners; container by Westinghouse.] 
1942.11.10 [U.S.A.] L. Groves generally entrusts the "PlutoniumProject" to DuPont Corp. (Carpenter, president of DuPont, proposed another plutonium production factory site than Clinton.) 
1942.11.12 [U.S.A.] Construction of uranium-235 production plant decided by Military Policy Committee. Without construction of small scale testing pilot plants. 
1942.11.14 [U.S.A.] Pilot plant omission approved by MED Review Committee. Plutonium plan is entrusted to DuPont, not to Stone & Webster.  
1942.11.16 [U.S.A.] Looking for a suitable site for a new laboratory to design nuclear weapons: [Groves, Oppenheimer, McMillan and Major John Dudley.] Los Alamos was recommended by Oppenheimer rather than Jemes Springs the place Dudley, an officer entrusted with search, had selected.  
1942.11.16 [U.S.A.] The construction of Chicago Pile number 1 (CP-1):[E.Fermi,W.Zinn,Herbert.Anderson]  
1942.12.2 [U.S.A.] Self-sustaining chain reaction in Chicago Pile number 1 ( Critical State) [Fermi, Zinn, Anderson] Output 50W, 4.5minutes operation. 350 t pure graphite, 35 t metallic uranium. Eugene Wignerhanded Fermi a bottle of Bertolli Chianti and passed around paper cupsto the crew. Arthur Compton called the head of the NDRC, James Conant, and told him cryptically, " the Italian navigator has just landed in the New World," the secret phrase agreed to, signaling success. On12.12 output rose to 200W.  
1942.12.4 [U.S.A.] L.Szilard opposed by L.Groves for a security clearance because he is a foreign citizen. Finally Szilard, because of his earlier brilliant works, was treated like E. Fermi and E. Wigner. 
1942.12.23 [U.S.A.] Feasibility of plutonium plan reported by A.Comptonto L.Groves. The first atomic bomb was scheduled to be completed by 1945.Later, it would be possible to produce one per month. 
1942.12.28 [U.S.A.] DuPont Corp. takes charge of the plutonium plan. he reward other than the necessary expense was 1 dollar.  
1942.12 [U.S.A.] Construction of a plant with gas dispersion method(K25) entrusted to Kellex Co. by L.Groves. An independent power supply was also constructed not relying on TVA.  
1943.1.4 [U.S.A.] Uranium enrichment by liquid thermal dispersion method is reported by R.Gunn and P.Abelson. Navy was not told of the critical state of Chicago Pile.  
1943.1.15 [U.S.A.] Pile design at Clinton commenced. Water cooling was suggested by E.P. Wigner.  
1943.1 [U.S.A.] L.Groves entrusts the operation of the production plant with the gas dispersion method to Union Carbide Co.  
1943.1 [Soviet Union] Development of nuclear weapons is decided. 
1943.2.1 [U.S.A.] Plutonium plant site at Hanford(Site W) outside of Richland ,Wash. Cost: $5,100,000.  
1943.2.2 [Soviet Union] German army corps surrenders in Stalingrad, USSR.  
1943.2.18 [U.S.A.]. Construction of uranium235 separation factory (Queen Mary) at Clinton starts.  
1943.2.27 [England] Explosion of German heavy water factory in Norway by Norwegian resistance. German nuclear research was greatly hindered. 
1943.3.6 [Japan] Navy gives up atomic bomb development. Priority shifted to the radar research.  
1943.3.15 [U.S.A.] J.Robert Oppenheimer (38 years old) arrives at LosAlamos as the director. 
1943.3.17 [U.S.A.] Design specification of Calutron decided 
1943. 3.22 [U.S.S.R.] Kurchatov made attention to Plutonium. Study of back numbers of Physical Review. Asking to set Soviet intelligence to find out British and the American progress. 
1943. 3 [U.S.A.] A American officer named George Racey Jordan in charge of expediting deliveries through the Gore Field, Air Port for Lend-Lease to Soviet Union, suspected Soviet's transport of US confidential contained in many black suitcases. His report to Washington was ignored. Transport of nuclear materials was later revealed. 
1943.3 [U.S.A.] XA magnet for Calutron completed: The radius of gyration: 3-4 feet. Magnetic field: 3410 oersted.  
1943.4.1 [U.S.A.] N-A barrier for the gas dispersion method entrusted by L.Groves to Widell Hershey Co. 
1943.4 [U.S.A.] Los Alamos starts: [J.R. Oppenheimer, John Manley,H. Bethe, E. Teller, E. Kopinowsky, Felix Bloch, Stanley Frankel, Eldred Nelson, Robert Serber, Robert Wilson, Richard Feynmann, John Williams and many others]. Average age, 26 years old. Finally 3000 people. Edward Condon left soon after opening hating militaristic regulation. 
1943.4 [U.S.A.] Implosion Method for firing A-bomb proposed by Seth Neddermeyer. Blowing a sphere of uranium-235 or plutonium would assemble these materials so rapidly that they explode.  
1943.5.25 U.S.A.- England talks at the White House on Churchill's request for information of atomic bomb.  
1943.6 [U.S.A.] William Parsons, Commander (43 years old) arrived at Los Alamos. A technology officer dealing with radar, he later engaged in dropping of Little Boy. 
1943.7.2 [Japan] Yoshio Nishina reports the feasibility of A-bomb to army. Employing thermal diffusion method.  
1943.7 [U.S.A.] Number of secondary neutrons from fission of plutonium assessed as 2.9 by Robert Wilson with material obtained by 184-nch cyclotron at Los Alamos.  
1943.7.17 [U.S.A.] Starting of test shot of gun-type ignition. [W.Parsons]  
1943.7.22 England - U.S.A. talk of about A-bomb at Downing Street 10.[Churchill, Sir John Anderson, Lord Cherwell, Henry H.Stimson, V. Bush, Harvey H. Bandy]. Bush promised Churchill to convey his concern for Soviet Union's threat.  
1943.7.24 Indiscriminate bombing of Hamburg: the first carpet bombings with 7.28 bombs per second. A huge fire storm developed. 
1943.7.25 [Italy] Mussolini is arrested and executed.  
1943.8.19 Quebec Conference. [Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt].Without mentioning about an international agreement regarding to atomic bomb development or Anglo-French atomic power accord. 
1943.8.29 [Germany] Disarmament of Denmark corps.  
1943.9 [U.S.A.] John von Neumann arrives at Los Alamos to support S.Neddermeyer's implosion group with a mathematics division. 
943.9.29 Niels Bohr escapes to Sweden by a motor boat. Protection of Denmark- residing Jews was appealed to Swedish government.  
1943.10.6 [England] N. Bohr seeks refuge in England on the flight of a Mosquito bomber. Due to altitude anoxia he fainted. His son Aage Bohr arrived at London after one week . R. Tolmann, as a visitor to England, transmits an invitation by L. Groves to the Manhattan Project.  
1943.10 [U.S.A.]. Calutron constructed. Due to shortage of copper for coil of electromagnet, silver owned by Department of Treasury was used. To the request of 5 - 10 tons, Department of Treasury replied that they weigh silver by troy ounce. 395,000,000 Troy ounce, worth $300,000,000dollars. A race-truck on the 2nd floor; vacuum pump room on the 1st floor; operation personnel 4800 people.  
1943.10 [U.S.A.] Start of construction of Hanford pile (100-B) for production of plutonium. 
1943.10 [U.S.A.] Critical state produced by the implosion method.[J.V. Neumann, E. Teller] Critical state produced by compression of explosive substance less than critical mass because of less escape of neutrons.  
1943.11.4 [U.S.A.] The critical state of Clinton Pile (Oak Ridge, X-10):800 KW; air cooling with blower; A graphite atomic pile; 7.5KW: 1944 Feb.,1800KW 1944. June, 3800ＫＷ: Owed greatly to G.Seaborg.  
1943.11.16 [England] Bombing of German heavy water factory in Norway by B-17 bombers. Heavy water factory exploded previously was repaired April. Germany decided to move the factory to Germany.  
1943.11.20 [U.S.A.] Start of separating plutonium at Clinton, processing with a remote control plant of 5 tons of uranium bombarded by neutrons. 
1943.11.29 [U.S.A.] Start of remodeling B-29 bomber for A-bomb. [Norman Ramsey. External size of bomb decided. Thin Man (for Roosevelt) and Fat Man (for Churchill)]. (N.F.Ramsey received Nobel Prize in 1989.) 
1943.12. 3 British Mission: English scientists join Manhattan Project(Quebec accord) [Wallace Ackers, Otto Frisch, R. Peierls, William J. Penny,George Placzek, P.B. Moon, James L. Tuck, Egon Bretcher, Klaus Fuchs, James　Chadwick, Geoffrey Taylor, Niels and Aage Bohr]  
1943.12.14 [U.S.A.] U. S. Army Special Corps (ALSOS) landed in Italy: [Commander Boris T. Pash] Confirmation of improbable German development of A-bomb. This was not passed on to the Manhattan Project scientists. 
1943.12.22 [U. S. A.] Impossibility of production of N-A barrier for gaseous diffusion method found in study by F. Simon and R. Peierls.  
1943.12.31 [U. S. A.] Possibility of pile as a weapon considered by R. Oppenheimer, N. Bohr and others.  
1943.12 British Mission: English scientists join Manhattan Project(Quebec accord) [Wallace Ackers, Otto Frisch, R. Peierls, William J. Penny,George Placzek, P.B. Moon, James L. Tuck, Egon Bretcher, Klaus Fuchs, James Chadwick, Geoffrey Taylor, Niels and Aage Bohr.]  
1943.12 [U. S. A.] Nuclear fission of uranium235caused by neutrons in cosmic rays discovered by E.Segre. Possibility of slowing down of core reaction speed implied. Change to Little Boy from Thin Man. The full length from 17 feet to 6 feet.  
1944.1 [U. S. A.] A new type barrier for gaseous diffusion method(J barrier) employed.  
1944.1 [U. S. A.] George B. Kistiakowsky arrives at Los Alamos for the chemical explosive division supporting Neddermeyer's implosion device. 
1944.1 [U. S. A.] Start of navy liquid thermal diffusion plant construction:300 columns. [P.Abelson]  
1944.2.1 [U. S. A.] Separation of plutonium at Clinton plant finished. A pilot test. 190 mg.  
1944.2.20 [England] Sink of German heavy water, blasting of boat transporting from Norway to Germany. End of German development of nuclear weapons.  
1944. 2 [U.S.A.] Klaus Fuchs met with Harry Gold, a Soviet intelligence agent. 
1944.2 [Japan] A report by Yoshio Nishina indicating difficulty of production of uranium fluoride. The method considered was that had been given up by P. Abelson.  
1944.3.1 [U. S. A.] The first plutonium 239 from Clinton arrives at Los Alamos.  
1944.3.3 [U. S. A.] Start of test dropping of atomic bombs by B-29.Dropping of mock bomb of Thin Man bomb failed due to hitting against bomb-bay door.  
1944.3.27 Belgium government sells the pre-emption of all the uranium resource in Congo to U.S.A. and England. [Sir John Anderson, Ambassador John G. Winant] for $375,000,000 dollars. 
1944. 3 [U.S.A.] Fuchs leaked data (including draft of his own paper) of gaseous diffusion to Soviet agent. 
1944.3 [U. S. A.] The first transportation of enriched uranium 235from Clinton to Los Alamos. 10% enrichment. 
1944.3 [U. S. A.] Kenneth T. Bainbridge is assigned to the responsible person of the first A-bomb test, Trinity. Trinity named by J. Oppenheimer. 
1944.3 [U. S. A.] Peppermint operation: Portable Geiger counters, X-ray films and so on for inspecting radioactivity were prepared for Normandy invasion by Allied forces.  
1944.3 [U. S. A.] Prediction of fireball associating with A-bomb explosion by H.Bethe and Robert Christy. Emergence of a fireball and impulse wave of air heated by soft X-rays given out in chain raction.  
1944.4.28 [U. S. A.] Liquid thermal diffusion method for enriching uranium235 is recommended by J.Oppenheimer to L.Groves. 
1944.4 [U. S. A.] Explosive Lens for ignition of A-bomb: An idea developed by James L. Tuck. Production of spherical impulse wave by combinatorial ignition of explosives with various burning velocity.  
1944.4 [U. S. A.] IBM computer arrival at Los Alamos. [J. Neumann, Stanislaw Ulam] For the hydrodynamics of implosion, and interference of impulse waves.  
1944.5.16 Churchill - N.Bohr talk: Bohr's suggestion on international cooperation of A-bomb development, treatment of Soviet Union. His apocalyptic viewpoint was not understood.  
1944.5 [U. S. A.] R. Peierls moved to theory division by J.Oppenheimer. 
1944.5 [U. S. A.] Calutron completion: A new plant for uranium235high enrichment: radius, 2 feet.  
1944.5 [U. S. A.] Alamogordo Bombing Range chosen for Trinity by J.Oppenheimer and K.Bainbridge. 
1944.6.6 D-day: Normandy invasion by allied forces. D.Eisenhower commanding.1500 tanks, 12,000 airplanes, 156,000 soldiers, 1200 battleships.  
1944.6.12 [U. S. A.] A liquid thermal diffusion plant at Clinton approved. 
1944.6.13 [Germany] V-1 rocket bombs London: 8070 rockets were launched by 1944.9.4. 29% of them flew to London.  
1944.6 [U. S. A.] G. Kistiakowsky as director of explosive section. S.Neddermeyer withdrew as an adviser.  
1944.6 [U. S. A.] Highly enriched uranium 235 from Clinton arrived at Los Alamos.  
1944.7.11 [U. S. A.] Absence of feasibility of Plutonium bomb, concluded.[Midsummer Crisis] Too much plutonium240 was detected in Clinton sample by E.Segre. J.Oppenheimer was persuaded not to resign by RobertF. Backer.  
1944.7.17 [U. S. A.] The highest priority is given to "IMPLOSION"by J.Oppenheimer. The abandonment of THIN MAN. Implosion at 10 km/sec is required in Plutonium bomb. Feasibility was considered of an implosive type uranium bomb in order to obtain multiple bombs.  
1944.8.1 [U. S. A.] Tinian Is. occupation: 6 runways for B-29 bombers were made for attacking Japan.  
1944. 8. 5 [U.S.A.] David Greenglass, a communist, joined Los Alamos for supporting development of implosion lens. 
1944.8.7 [U. S. A.] Time table of A-bomb production presented by L.Groves. Several bombs may be made until March-June ,1945 if implosion method is effective. Otherwise, one bomb is produced by August, 1945.  
1844. 8.14 [U.S.A.] Klaus Fuchs joined Los Alamos. Chadwick informed Fuchs that his service was requested.  
1944.8.25 [U. S. A.] Advance into Paris by U. S. Army. Special unit(ALSOS) advanced into Paris next to tanks. [B.Pash, Samuel A. Goutsmit].They questioned F.J. Curie at the Radium Research Institute and confirmed the absence of German A-bomb development.  
1944.8.26 Roosevelt - N.Bohr talk. Suggestion by Bohr on international cooperation of A-bomb development , treatment of Soviet Union. His apocalyptic viewpoint was not understood.  
1944.8 [U. S. A.] Colonel Paul W. Tibbets (29 years old) made commander of the 509th Composite Group. He was a test pilot of B-29 bomber.  
1944.8 [U. S. A.] General Curtis LeMay made commander of the 20thbomber corp. A strategy of taking off Chinese base for bombing Japan considered. 
1944.9.8 [Germany] V-2 rocket bombing of London: 4320 rockets were launched till March 27, 1945. 1050 of them dropped on England.  
1944.9.13 [U. S. A.] Start of charging of metal uranium at Hanford Pile: 250 t uranium, 100,000 rods of graphite,11m* ×8.5mH) 
1944.9.18 Hyde Park Accord reached. [F. D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill]A secret accord deciding atomic bombing of Japan.  
1944.9.19 [U. S. A.] A note of post-war strategy: Sent by V.Bush andJ.B.Connant to Henry L.Stimson, the secretary of war. Danger of making A-bomb secret. Participation of Soviet Union to any accord is essential. 
1944.9.19 [U. S. A.] Seizure by ALSOS of German uranium ore (68 tons). [B.Pash] 30 tons were found in Toulouse, October ,1944.  
1944.9.26 [U. S. A.] The critical state achieved in Hanford Pile. Operation with 9MW. Rising of cooling water temperature from 10 to 60 deg C. It was due to absorption by xenon135, a fission product, of neutrons. Cross section of xenon135 of neutron-absorption is 150 times of cadmium. Critical state in the 2nd Pile in December 1944. Critical state in the 3rd Pile in 1945. 
1944. 9 [U.S.A.] Robert Christy proposed a bombing core not a shell of plutonium but a nearly solid subcritical ball (in the form of two fitted hemispheres). The imploding detonation wave would simply squeeze the solid mass to criticality. 
1944.9 [U. S. A.] Start of Calutron operation: 100 g daily production of 10% enriched uranium.  
1944.10.25 [Japan] Kamikaze commando at Layte naval battle. 
1944.10.30 [U. S. A.] Start of operation of Navy liquid thermal diffusion plant at Philadelphia navy arsenal. 
1944.10 [U.S.S.R.] Production of plutonium(several micrograms) by Boris Kurchatov [a brother of Igor Kurchatov]  
1944.11.24 [U. S. A.] Bombing Japan by B-29 bombers from Northern Mariana base with a large formation of 100 bombers. The high altitude bombing failed due to a high speed air current. The discovery of jet stream.  
1944.11.28 [U. S. A.] Taking out of irradiated slugs from Hanford Pile:8.3 tons.  
1944.11 [U.S.S.R.] Metallic uranium refined. 
1944.11 [U. S. A.] Start of operation of Calutron: 90 g daily production of 80% enriched uranium.  
1944.11 [U. S. A.] Start of implosion experiment with shaped explosives. Implosive process was examined by X-ray camera taking hi-speed successive pictures.  
1944.12.26 [U. S. A.] Separation of irradiated slugs from Hanford Pile. 
1944 [U. S. A.] A balloon bomb from Japan cuts the power supply to Hanford Pile. 
1945.1.2 [U.S.A.]　David Greenglass's contact with Julius Rosenberg, a Soviet intelligence agent, handing a sketch of implosion lens and a list of asset candidates. 
1945.1.16 [U. S. A.] Start of plutonium separation at Hanford. 
1945.1.20 [U. S. A.] Start of operation in the gaseous diffusion plant using a supply of poorly enriched uranium to Calutron. Development of teflon as a sealant. 
1945.1.20 [U. S. A.] Low altitude incendiary bombing of Japan proposed by C.LeMay, Commander of B-29 bombers corps. 
1945.1 [U. S. A.] Verification of critical mass of uranium235by Otto Frisch. Named Dragon experiment by R. Feynman. Accident in February of neutron irradiation. A victim died. 
1945.1 [U. S. A.] An ignition device for implosion completed by Luis W. Alvarez. 
1945.2.4 Yalta talk. F. Roosevelt, W. Churchill and Y. Stalin. Demanded unconditional surrender of Japan: A secret agreement of attacking of Japan by Soviet Union. 
1945.2.5 [U. S. A.] Transport of plutonium239 from Hanford to Los Alamos as nitric acid solution. 
1945.2.7 [U. S. A.] Implosion lens completed by G. Kistiakowsky. 
1945.2 [U. S. A.] Schedule of Trinity test decided. Implosion will be employed only in plutonium bomb. 
1945.2 [U. S. A.] Start of operation in Liquid Thermal Diffusion plant, supplying poorly enriched uranium to Calutron. After June, uranium was processed in the order of liquid thermal diffusion plant, gaseous diffusion plant and Calutron. Improvement of enrichment with gaseous diffusion plant. 
1945.2 [U. S. A.] Tinian recommended as the Dispatch base for A-bomb B-29 by commander Frederick L. Ashworth. 
1945.2.16 [U.S.A.]　Klaus Fuchs handed Soviet intelligence agent data of implosion system. He refused to receive 1500 dollars reward. 
1945.2.28 [U.S.A.] Leaders of Manhattan Project including Groves, Office of Scientific Research and Development section head and Harvard President James Bryant Conant, Hans Bethe, George Kitiakowsky and Richard Tolman met in Oppenheimer's office and decided tentatively to develop the lensed, solid-core Christy implosion design as a combat weapon. 
1945.3.10 [U. S. A.] 100,000 victims killed in large air attack on Tokyo: 234 B-29 bombers with 1665 tons of incendiary bombs. 
1945.3.15 [U.S.A. Germany] US air force attacked Metal-refining plant in Oranienburg (15 miles north of Berlin) to prevent German production of metallic uranium.  
1945.3 [Germany] Start of experimental operation of B-8 nuclear reactor by W. Heisenberg, K. Diebner, Carl F. von Weizsaocker, Hans Bethe and others. A cylinder type reactor employing graphite as neutron reflector and heavy water as modulator. Did not achieve the critical state. 
1945.4.12 [U. S. A.] Verification of critical mass of Plutonium 239 by O.Frisch in Dragon Experiment. 
1945.4.12 [Japan] Riken Scientific Institute destroyed: End of Japanese A-bomb project. 
1945.4.12 [U. S. A.] Sudden death of President Roosevelt. Replaced by Harry S. Truman, the vice president. H. Stimson first explained Manhattan Project to President Truman in the evening. 
1945.4.17 [Germany] German uranium ore found by commander John Lansdale, Jr. of US army special unit (ALSOS). At a shed in Stuttgart. Supplied to Manhattan Project 
1945.4.23 [Germany] Reactor at Heigerloch seized by U.S. army (ALSOS). Commanders B. Pash and Samuel A. Goudsmit. Goutsmit is Heisenberg's friend. Goutsmit's parents had been killed by Nazi in a gas chamber. 
1945.4.24 [Germany] German atomic scientists arrested in Hebingen. [C. Weizsaecker, O. Hahn, Max von Laue] 
1945.4.25 [U. S. A.] Truman and Stimson discuss details of Manhattan Project. 
1945.4.26 [Germany] Metal uranium and heavy water found by ALSOS. 
1945.4.27 [U. S. A.] The 1st Target Committee meets. [L.Groves, Thomas F.Farrell,J.Neumann and William G.Penny] Japan, July or August. Visual flying by a B-29 bomber with the range of 2500km or less. 
1945.5.1 [Germany] Death of Adolf Hitler. 
1945. 5. 2 [Germany] Berlin occupied. 
1945,5.3 [U. S. A.] W. Heisenberg arrested by U. S. army ALSOS in Welfeld. 
1945.5.8 [Germany] Germany surrenders to allied forces. 
1945.5.9 [U. S. A.] Interim committee on nuclear power meets: Henry Stimson, Ralph Bard, Vannevar Bush, James Byrnes, William Clayton, Karl Compton, George Harrison: By invitation: Harvey Bundy. Predicts development of nuclear weapons by Soviet Union in 7 years. 
1945.5.10 [U. S. A.] The second Target Committee meets in Los Alamos: L. Groves, General Farrel, Colonel Seeman, Captain Parsons, C. Lauritsen, Major Derry, Drs Ramsey, Dennison, Stearns, Tolman, Oppenheimer, von Neumann, Wilson, Penny, Bethe, Robert. The first choices of targets for nuclear weapons are: a. Kyoto, b. Hiroshima, c. Yokohama, d. Kokura Arsenal. 
1945.5.25 [U. S. A.] Operation of Kyushu invasion decided by Douglas MacArthur (army), Chester Nimitz (navy) and Henry H. Arnold (army air corps). Named " Operation Olympiad," scheduled for November 1. 
1945.5.28 [U. S. A.] Joseph C. Grew, undersecretary of the State Department, of predicts Japanese surrender to President Truman. 
1945.5.28 [U. S. A.] L. Szilard expresses his opinion against use of A-bomb to Presidential advisor J. Byrnes. Rejected. 
1945.5.28 [U. S. A.] The third Target Committee meets. Given report of test bombing carried out in Cuba by Colonel P. Tibbets. 
1945.5.30 [U. S. A.] Stimson tells L. Groves to exclude Kyoto from list of A-bomb targets. 
1945.5.31 [U. S. A.] Recommendation on the immediate use of nuclear weapons given by the Interim Committee: Byrnes, Stimson, G. C. Marshall, Groves, Harvey H. Bundy, J. Conant, Compton, Lawrence, Fermi, Oppenheimer. Inviting Soviet Union to Trinity proposed by Oppenheimer. Decided not to notify Japan before dropping A-bomb. Objections by Szilard discussed. 
1945.5 [U.S.S.R] German 130 tons uranium oxide found in a tannery in Berlin right on the border of American-occupied territory was seized by Soviet army and shipped to Soviet Union.  
1945.5 [U. S. A.] Joseph Rotblat resigns of from Los Alamos because of Germany's surrender. Later he founded Pugwash Conference. 
1945.5 [Soviet Union] German uranium seized: over 100 tons in Belgium. 
1945.6.2 [U.S.A.] Confidential data including information of Trinity, atomic bomb, explosive materials handed by Klaus Fuchs to a Soviet agent. 
1945.6.3 [U.S.A.] David Greenglass handed to the same agent contacting with Klaus Fuchs the sketch of implosion lens and names of asset candidates. Received 500 dollars reward. 
1945.6.6 [U. S. A.] Recommendation of A-bomb use by Interim Committee conveyed to President Truman by Stimson. 
1945.6.10 [U. S. A.] The 509th Composite Group arrives at Tinian with 11 B-29 bombers. 
1945.6.11 [U. S. A.] James Frank committee recommends notification before use of A-bomb: J. Frank, Leo Szilard, Eugene Rabinowitch. Seven scientists in Chicago recommended a show of force demonstration. 
1945.6.18 [U. S. A.] Estimation of 63000 war dead or wounded in Operation Olympiad (Kyusyu invasion) by General G.C.Marshall. 
1945.6 [U. S. A.] Assembly of the plutonium bomb for Trinity. 
1945.7.2 [U.S.S.R.] Confidential data obtained by espionage agents from USA were shown to Igor Kurchatov.） 
1945.7.3 [U. S. A.] Casting of a warhead for uranium235 bomb. 
1945.7.12 [U. S. A.] Plutonium core arrives at Alamogordo. 
1945.7.13 [U. S. A.] Explosive assembly arrival at Alamogordo. 
1945.7.14 [U. S. A.] A preparatory implosive experiment for Trinity failed. The defect explosive was replaced by hand work. 
1945.7.14 [U. S. A.] Gadget for Trinity completed by Norris E. Bradberry and others. Installed at top of 30m high tower. 
1945.7.15 [U. S. A.] Preparatory implosion experiment declared indecisive by H. Bethe. 
1945.7.16 [U. S. A.] TRINITY test. After 90 minute delay for bad weather, at 5:29:45. Explosive force of 18.6 kilotons of TNT. 
1945.7.16 [U. S. A.] Shipping of Little Boy by cruiser Indianapolis, 4 hours after Trinity. 
1945.7.17 [U. S. A.] Petition to President Truman against the use of nuclear weapons by L. Szilard and 70 scientists. 
1945.7.20 [U. S. A.] Allied Commander D. Eisenhauer advises President Truman not to use A-bomb; it is unnecessary. 
1945.7.21 [U. S. A.] Report from L. Groves of successful Trinity conveyed to President Truman staying in Potsdam: Later W. Churchill told H. Stimson that Truman's reaction was clearly observable. 
1945.7.23 [U. S. A.] Telegraph by George L.Harrison to Potsdam informing that dropping A-bomb on Japan is possible after August 1. 
1945.7.23 [U. S. A.] Completion of the 2nd plutonium core. 
1945.7.24 [U. S. A.] H. Truman told Y. Stalin about A-bomb experiment. Stalin was already informed by spy of Trinity but never revealed it. 
1945.7.25 [U. S. A.] Approval by President Truman staying at Potsdam of the order to bomb Japan with A-bomb. The order was written by L. Groves. 
1945.7.26 [U. S. A.] Cruiser Indianapolis arrives at Tinian. Little Boy is unloaded. 
1945.7.26 [U. S. A.] Shipping of uranium-235 warhead to Tinian: by C-54 transport plane. 
1945.7.26 [U. S. A.] Shipping of plutonium core and the initiator to Tinian by C-54 transport plane. 
1945.7.26 Potsdam Declaration announced, demanding unconditional surrender of Japan. 
1945.7.30 [U. S. A.] Cruiser Indianapolis sunk by a torpedo attack from a Japanese submarine, only 4 days after unloading of A-bomb. 
1945.7.31 [U. S. A.] Assembling Little Boy, waiting recovery of weather. 
1945.8.2 [U. S. A.] Parts of Fat Man arrive at Tinian. 
1945.8.4 [U. S. A.] Briefing to crew of B-29 bombers of the 509th corps. Presentation by William Parsons of documentary film of Trinity. 
1945.8.5 [U. S. A.] Bombing date of August 6 decided by Curtis LeMay. Installation of Little Boy in a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay, after Captain Tibbets' mother. 
1945.8.6 [U. S. A.] Bombing Hiroshima with Little Boy by Paul W. Tibbets, Robert Lewis, Thomas Ferebee, William S. Parsons, Morris Jeppson, and others, at 08:16: 45. Explosion equivalent to 12.5 kilotons of TNT from 60 kg uranium235. Bomb's gross weigh was 4 tons. 140,000 civilian citizens were killed. Hibakusya (survivors) more than 300,000.Physical ailnesses due to radiation exposure, short term and long term effects. 
1945. 8. 7 [U.S.S.R.] Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria was appointed to the head of Soviet atomic bomb project by Stalin. 
1945.8.7 [U. S. A.] Statement by President Truman of A-bomb attack from Cruiser Augusta in Atlantic Ocean on the way back from Potsdam. 
1945.8.8 [Soviet Union] Declaration of war against Japan, just after the German surrender, as promised in Yalta talk. 
1945.8.8 [U. S. A.] Fat Man assembled and installed in a B-29 bomber. 
1945.8.9 [Soviet Union] Attacks Japan by invasion of Manchuria. 
1945.8.9 [U. S. A.] Bombing Nagasaki with Fat Man by Charles W.Sweeney, Frederick L.Ashworth, and others. Target changed from Kokura to Nagasaki because of poor visibility. 20 seconds visibility over Nagasaki. Time 11:02:00. Explosion equivalent to 22 kilotons of TNT, using 8 kg plutonium 239. Bomb's gross weight 4.5 tons. 70,000 civilian citizens were killed. 
1945.8.9 [Japan] Decision accepting Potsdam Declaration at midnight meeting of ministers before Tennou Hirohito. 
1945.8.10 [Japan] Sending word of acceptance of Potsdam Declaration through Switzerland, requesting Tennou's position to be kept. J. Byrnes wished to reject it, nevertheless, H. Truman accepted. 
1945.8.11 [U. S. A.] Interruption of transport to Tinian of the 2nd Plutonium core and initiator by the order of G.C. Marshall. The next plutonium bomb could possibly have been dropped on August 17 or 18. 
1945.8.12 [Japan] Response of U.S.A. to Japanese request. 
1945.8.15 [Japan] Unconditional Surrender by Japan. The end of the World War II. 
1945.8.20 [U.S.S.R.] Special Commitee on the Atomic Bomb formed. [Georgi Malenkov, Boris Vannikov, Avrami Zavenyagin, Mikhail Peruvuhin, Peter Kapitza and Igor Kurchatov] 
1945.9.5 [Canada] Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet espionage, escaped from Soviet Embassy carrying 109 reports, resulting in arrest of 22 Soviet agents. 
1945.9.15 [U. S. A.] Manufacturing A-bomb reported: Presented to L.Groves by major Lauris Norstad. An estimation that 204 atomic bombs are required if a hypothetical enemy is Soviet Union. The start of cold war. 
1945.9.28 [U. S. A.] Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee recommends against H-bomb development. [Compton, Lawrence, Germi, Oppenheimer.] 
1945.10.16 [U. S. A.] Resignation of R. Oppenheimer from Los Alamos. Replaced by Norris E. Bradbury. 
1945.11.2 [U. S. A.] " A Message to Los Alamos" speech by Oppenheimer, his resignation lecture foreseeing the atomic age. 
1945.11.15 Truman-Attlee-King declaration, the New Quebec agreement. A doctrine that initiative relating with the knowledge of atomic energy is kept by U.S.A., G.B. and Canada. Atomic Energy Commission in United Nations proposed. 
1945.11.23 [Czechoslovakia] Soviet Union concluded a secret agreement with Czechoslovakia granting it exclusive rights to all uranium mined within country. Jachymov ores is that from which Marie Curie first extracted polonium and radium. 
1945.11.24 [Japan] Cyclotrons destroyed by U.S. Army: 2 in Tokyo, 3 in Osaka and Kyoto. 
1945.12.22 [England] Repatriation of German scientists to West Germany by U.S.A. 
1945.12.24 [Soviet Union] Start of developing A-bomb officially notified to U.S. ambassador 
1945.12 [U.S.A.] ENIAC (A computer with 18,800 vacuum tubes, 140 kw, 30 tons) ran a first rough version of the thermonuclear calculations. Los Alamos prepared a half million punched cards of data.  
1946.1.25 [U.S.S.R.] Atomic bomb project decided (imitating US-model).[Stalin, Beria, Morotov, Kurchatov] 
1946.3.5 [U.S.A. United Kingdom] Winston Churchill's speech of Iron Curtain at a small Protestant men's college in Fulton, Missouri. Nothing less than a call to an all-out atomic race.  
1946.3.17 [U. S. A.] International Control of nuclear power proposed: Dean Gooderham Acheson. Report by R. Oppenheimer. 
1946. 4. 2 [U.S.S.R.] Atomic bomb laboratory site at Sarov, 400 km east to Moskow. Soviet Los Alamos. 
1946.4 [U. S. A.] First conference on development of "Super" (h-bomb). Meeting of E. Teller, E. Konopinsky, J. Manley, P. Morrison, von Neumann, S. Ulam, N. Bradberry and K. Fuchs at Los Alamos. Robert Serber opposed the development. Propose a mixture of deuterium and tritium in a cylindrical container ignited by the fireball of atomic bomb. 
1946.6.14 [U. S. A.] Nuclear Control Plan by Bernard M. Baruch presented in United Nations: International control of nuclear power. It was counterattacked by a plan by Soviet Union of prohibition of manufacturing atomic bombs. 
1946.6 [U. S. A.] Stockpile of nuclear weapons: 9 Fat Man bombs. Rate-limiting step is plutonium production. 
1946.7.1 [U.S.A.] The Crossroads Series tests. The purpose of the tests was to examine the effects of nuclear explosions on naval vessels, planes, and animals. A fleet of surplus and captured ships anchored in the Bikini Atoll lagoon in the Marshall Islands were used as targets. The weapons used were Mk 3A ("Model 1561") Fatman-type atomic bombs, essentially unmodified from the wartime designs. Test ABLE at 22:00 30 June 1946, height of burst 160 m. Dropped by B-29 "Dave's Dream", Fell 980 ft short and 1870 ft left of target. Test BAKER at 21:35 24 July 1946, Mk 3A fission bomb (23 Kt) sub-surface test, depth of burst 27.5 m. Wall of intensely radioactive spray contaminates target fleet. 
1946.12.25 [Soviet Union] Start of operation of a nuclear reactor (F-1): 100w, using 400 tons of graphite and 50 tons of uranium seized in Germany. 
1946 [U.S.A.] Edward Teller invented a spherical, layered design of nuclear thermal weapon, called "Alarm Clock" (it might wake up new generation of nuclear explosives). 
1946 [U.S.S.R.] "Utilization of the nuclear energy of the light elements" by I.I.Gurevich, Y.Zeldovich, I.Pomeeranchuk, Y.Khariton. 
1947.1.1 [U. S. A] Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) created. In charge of development of nuclear weapons, replacing Manhattan Engineering District (MED). 
1947.10 [U.S.A.] Nuclear weapon arsenal, Atomic bomb 56, B-29 for atomic bomb 35, 30 crews. 150 Atomic Bombs arsenal was proposed. 
1947 [U. S. A] Statement by Henry Stimson that atomic bomb saved one million human lives. 
1947 [U. S. A] Confession by Julius Robert Oppenheimer: "In some sort of crude sense which no vulgarity, no humor, no overstatement can quite extinguish, the physicists have known sin, and this is a knowledge which they cannot lose.&quot: In the spring of 1946, Oppenheimer said to President Truman, " Mr President, I have blood on my hands." 
1947 [U. S. A] L. Szilard changes his profession from physics to biology . 
1947 [U. S. A] Calutron, the 184-inch cyclotron transferred to California University. Later used in discovery of meson. 
1948.4.15 [U.S.A.] Nuclear tests at Eniwetok atoll in Marshall Islands.(Sandstone X-ray test series, a composite-core, levitated implosion device, 37 kilotons yield) 
1948.5.1(Yoke, a composite-core, levitated implosion device, 49Kt) 1948.5.15 (Zebra: a levitated all-U235 core, 18kt) A levitated composite core used less than half as much plutonium as a solid core and ten times less U235 than a Little Boy.  
1948.6.7 [U.S.S.R.] Plutonium producing reactor completed, Chelyabinsk 40.（1948.6.22 100,00Kw，may producing 100 grams of plutonium everyday.) 
1948.6.24 [Germany U.S.S.R] Berlin blockade. 
1948.6 [U.S.S.R.] Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, 27 years old, was recruited for thermonuclear weapon study. [Also, Semyon Belenky, Vitaly Ginzburg, Yuri Romanov]  
1948.6 [Soviet Union] A Reactor for plutonium production completed. Constructed using forced labor of prisoners in detention camp. 
1948.8 World Conference of Intellectuals against Application to Military Use of Science met in Poland. Issued warning about the risk of nuclear war. 
1948.12 [Soviet Union] Start of operation of nuclear fuel reprocessing plan after accidental irradiation due to small scale explosion of plutonium. 
1948 [Soviet Union] A new idea of hydrogen bomb (h-bomb) proposed by Andrei Sakharov. 
1949.5 [Soviet Union] 10 kg Plutonium stock available. 
1949.8.29 [Soviet Union] Atomic bomb explosion experiment successful, an implosive type Plutonium bomb. At Semipalatinsk. Called " Joe No. 1" in U.S.A.("Joe" was nickname for Y. Stalin.) 
1949.9.3 [U. S. A] Radioactivity detected over Kamchatka by a reconnaissance plane (WB-29). 
1949. 9.22 [U.S.A.] FBI commenced research of espionage activity of Klaus Fuchs. 
1949.9.23 [U. S. A] Statement by President Truman of atomic bomb test by Soviet Union 
1949.9 [U. S. A] Edward Teller returns to Los Alamos. 
1949.10.30 [U. S. A] Recommendation by J.R. Oppenheimer and J. Manley against development of H-bomb. E.Fermi and I. Rabi considered H-bomb may promote disarmament. 
1949.10 [U. S. A] Increase in uranium and plutonium production approved by Dean Acheson, Minister of defense. 
1949.10. 1 [China] People's Republic of China 
1949.11.29 [U. S. A] Lewis L. Strauss recommends H-bomb development to President Truman. 
1949 [U. S. A] 200 A-bombs stockpile. 
1950.1.24 [United Kingdom] Klaus Fuchs, confession of leakage of nuclear confidential information. (William Skardon, an M15 officer specialized in handling traitors)  
1950.1.31 [U. S. A] Statement by President Truman of H-bomb development. 
1950. 2.14 [China U.S.S.R.] Mutual Security Pact, mutual defense with every capability including atomic bomb. 
1950.2 [U.S.A] McCarthyism begins, a 4-year track of accusations and suspicion. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Harry Gold, and David Greenglass arrested as spies (summer 1950). 
1950.2 [England] Klaus Fuchs arrested as a spy. Sentenced to 14 years prison. Released in 1959 and became a vice director of atomic energy institute in East Germany. 
1950.6.25 Outbreak of Korean war. 
1950. 8. 1 [U.S.A.] 10 bombers of Strategic Air Command sent to Guam.
（1950.9.30 Air force returned leaving atomic bombs) 
1950. 8. 5 [U.S.A.] B-29 bomber carrying atomic bomb crash at Fairfield base, California. 
1950.10.19 [China] Entered the Korean war on North Korean side. 
1950.10.26 [U.S.A.] Edward Teller's Family Committee concluded design development of and froze the designs for the Booster and the Cylinder of thermonuclear weapon, the "Greenhouse" Item and "George" shots.
（Booster; fission bomb using DT-gas core to increase its yield. Cylinder; DT and tritium outside an exploding fission bomb to heat by X-ray.) 
1950.12 [U.S.A.] Hydrodynamic lensing design by Stanislaw Ulam. 
1950 Atomic Bomb arsenal; USA 298, USSR 5. 
1950 [U. S. A] Megaton atomic bomb test: Eniwetok atoll. 
1950 [U. S. A] Start of development of Redstone rocket, a ground-to-ground ballistic missile for nuclear warhead. 
1951.2 [U. S. A] Teller-Ulam configuration for H-bomb: Radiation implosion by E.Teller and Stanislaw Ulam. 
1951.4.5 [U.S.A.] Julius and Ethel Rosenberg given decision of death. 
1953.6.18 execution. 1951.4.6 David Greenglass ,15 years; 1950.12 Harry Gold 30 years. 
1951.4.5 [U.S.A.] Joint Chiefs ordered atomic retaliation against two hundreds Soviet bombers on the air bases in Manchuria in the event of "a major attack" on UN (mainly USA and South Korea) forces. General Douglas MacArthur was fired because of hesitating to follow the nuclear attack strategy. Mark IV nuclear capsules were transferred and in USAF custody. 
1951.5.9 [U.S.A.] Nuclear test for thermonuclear bomb in Eniwetok atoll. Grennhouse #3 test. Cylinder (DT and tritium), 225 kt; Booster (Uranium core, DT + tritium gas) , 45.5 kt.  
1951.9.24 [U.S.A.] Edward Teller left Los Alamos.
（1951.9.17 Marshall Holloway as head of thermonuclear project.) 
1951.9.24 [U.S.S.R] Atomic bomb tests in Semipalatinsk
（Improved implosion device with an all-U235, probably levitated core, Joe #2, half diameter but twice as much yield as Joe#1, 40 kt. 1. 1951.10.18 Joe #3, an implosion device with a composite core, air-dropped. These two tests led to the design of the first Soviet production of atomic bomb. 
1951.10.5 [U.S.A.] Panda Committee (Theoretical Megaton Group), decision to employ Liquid deuterium for thermonuclear fuel not deuterium ammonia or lithium deuteride. 
1951.10 [U. S. A] AEC appropriations did increase for FY 1951 and FY 1952. By late 1951, 2 percent of entire American construction force was employed in AEC jobs .Construction and equipment accounted for 3/4 of $2 billion AEC budget. Department of Defense (DOD) and AEC jointly call for further atomic plant expansions (January 1952). 
1952.6 [U. S. A] Lawrence Livermore Laboratories established in Livermore, California, for production of H-bomb. 
1952.8.6 [Japan] Memorial tower for victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki unveiling. 
1952.10.3 [England] A-bomb test at Monte Bello Islands, West Australia. 
1952.11.1 [U. S. A] The first H-bomb explosion: 10.4 MT, 700 times power of Little Boy, gross weight 65 tons. Elugelap island in Eniwetok disappeared. E. Teller knew the test successful by a seismograph. Two new elements, einsteinium(99) and fermium(100) were discovered in the fallout. 
1953.2 [U. S. A] Decision by Air Force to develop ICBM: Atlas rocket with 3000lb warhead. 
1953.6.26 [U.S.S.R] Lavrenti Beria arrested（1953.12 executed). Vyacheslav Malysshev, head of atomic bomb project. 
1953.7 Korean war ceased. 
1953.7 [U. S. A] " Two scorpions in a bottle" analogy by J.Oppenheimer in an essay in the magazine Foreign Affairs. 
1953.8.8 [Soviet Union] A prototype H-bomb test using a sandwich of lithium deuteride and uranium. Yield: 400KT. H.Bethe judged it is not a real H-bomb by analyzing radioactive fallout. 
1953.11 [Soviet Union] ICBM development decided. 
1954.1.21 [U. S. A] Launch of atomic submarine, Nautilus, using a pressurized water reactor. 
1954.3.1 [U. S. A] Dry, deliverable H-bomb test, code named Bravo, created by members of Livermore Laboratories, on the island of Bikini near the Marshall islands. Yield 15MT The explosion created a 240 ft. deep and 6,000 ft. wide crater. The bomb was created to produce as much fallout as possible. A [Japanese fishing boat was located about 100 miles from the island. Two weeks later all 23 crew members were suffering radiation sickness. One of them, Aikichi Kuboyama, died of liver and blood damage (hepatitis) on Sept.23, 1954. People in Rongelap and Utirik still have not been compensated adequately. They and others have asked the question: Did the U.S. government use the native people as guinea pigs, causing the malignancies (thyroid cancer and leukemia) and reproductive problems. 
1954.4.12 [U. S. A] J. Oppenheimer loses security clearance for opposing development of h-bomb. 
1955.8.6 [Japan] The First World Conference Against A-H Bomb in Hiroshima. 
1955 [Soviet Union] Proposal to prohibit nuclear testing at the 4 foreign ministers conference in Geneva. 
1955.11.22 [Soviet Union] H-bomb test success: Dropped by a plane. Yield 1.6MT from a radiation-implosion type. 
1955 [U.S.A.] Nuclear arsenal, 2,422. 
1956 [England] U. S. air force bomber crashes on a nuclear weapon arsenal in Suffolk. 3 Fat Man type bombs were burned. 
1957.5.15 [England] H-bomb test successful at Christmas Island. 
1957.6.24 [U.S.A] Clean H-bomb proposed by E. Teller and L. Strauss. A primordial tactical nuclear weapon. 
1957.9 [U.S.A] Underground nuclear test in Nevada. An idea by E. Teller suggested by artificial earthquake experiment. 
1957.10.4 [Soviet Union] Sputnik 1 launched. 
1957.10.7 [England] Windscale (now called Sellafield) accident in Cumbria England. Temperature continues to rise (in excess of 1000 degrees C)in a crude nuclear reactor for producing weapons-grade plutonium. On the 10th it caught fire.  Eventually pile was flooded, steam was released, public was told cloud was out to sea, but temperature inversion caused cloud to cover a good part of Britain. Possibly one of closest events to a 'china syndrome' ever. All facts may still not be disclosed.
1957.11.3 [Soviet Union] Sputnik 2 launched with a Raika dog aboard. 
1957.12.5 [Soviet Union] Atomic energy icebreaker ship, Lenin, launched. 4 accidents of reactor in the nineteen sixties reported in 1989 document. 
1957 [Soviet Union] "Kyshtym" disaster in the Urals. Explosion of nuclear waste in nuclear weapon production plant. 
1957 Sign-in by scientists against nuclear tests. The "Clean H-bomb" was denounced as false by Linus Pauling and 9235 scientists in the world. (Received 1962 Novel Peace Prize.) 
1958.1.31 [U.S.A] Explorer No.1 launched by Jupiter C rocket (IRBM). A 14kg satellite. Rocket fueled by liquid oxygen + kerosene. 
1958.3 [Soviet Union] Unilateral interruption of nuclear testing. 
1958.4 [U.S.A] Scientific panel committee for prohibition of nuclear tests. " Atoms For Peace" program initiated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower (December 1953). Policy of " massive retaliation" is " New Look" in armaments: decision to cut defense budget by decreasing conventional forces and weapons, and expanding atomic weaponry. Secret threat to use atomic weapons to end Korean War stalemate (Spring 1953).
Verification of underground nuclear tests is possible except for those in a cave. 
1958.5 [U.S.A] " Clean H-bomb" test at Eniwetok atoll. Miniaturization of igniting A-bomb. 
1958.8 [U.S.A] Suspension of nuclear tests. 
1958.12 [U.S.A] Atlas rocket developed using stainless steel tank for liquid oxygen + kerosene. 
1958 [U.S.A] Polaris rocket developed as Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) using polyurethane solid fuel. 
1959 [U.S.A] ICBM deployed, the Atlas rocket. 
1959 [U.S.A] Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems: ABM; Zeus, Spartan, Sprint, and Safeguard ABMs developed (1960s and 1970s); Nike with 5MT class nuclear warhead to explode just upon own head. 
1959 [U.S.S.R.] Nuclear arsenal. 1,050. 
1960.2 [U.S.A] Limited Test Ban Treaty proposed by D.Eisenhauer. Agreed 1963. Trilateral agreement negotiated by the U.S., U.S.S.R., and U.K. prohibiting tests of nuclear devices in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater. Allows nuclear testing to continue underground, so long as radioactive debris is not allowed " outside the territorial limits" of the testing state. 
1960.2 [France] Atomic bomb test in Sahara desert, a plutonium implosion bomb. 
1961.4.12 [Soviet Union] Bostok 1 launched carying Urey Gagarin. He said "The earth was blue but there was no God". One revolution around the earth in 108 min. 
1961.7.4 [Soviet Union] An atomic power submarine launched. Suffered a reactor core melting accident in the first cruise. 
1961.8 [Soviet Union] Resumes surprise nuclear tests with a 60MT H-bomb. Conducts 50 aerospace tests within 60 days. 
1961.9.15 [U.S.A] Resumes nuclear tests. Conducts 20 underground nuclear tests within a half year, yields of 20KT or below. 
1961 [U.S.A] Inquiry by President John F.Kennedy on nuclear test to Atomic Energy Commission. [Stockpiles are now: U.S. 23,200; Soviet Union 2450. Glenn T.Seaborg, AEC chairman, proposed total ban of nuclear tests, but Kennedy suggested small scale tests fewer than Soviet Union. 
1961 [U.S.A] Air crash of A-bomber loading nuclear bomb in North Carolina. The 24MT bomb just prior to dropping. Avoided explosion by the final safety device out of six. 
1961 [U.S.A] Titan rocket developed, a rapid fire model ICBM. 
1961 [U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.] Nuclear arsenal; USA:18,638，Soviet:3100. 
1962.5.6 [U.S.A] SLBM with nuclear warhead launching test at Christmas island from a Polaris A-2 submarine. 
1962 [U.S.A] Nuclear explosion test using plutonium of reactor. A low yield explosion due to plutonium-240. 
1962.7.8 [U.S.A] High altitude nuclear test, 400 km high Johnston island of a 1.4MT H-bomb. A large power loss in Oahu island, Hawaii, due to malfunction of electric supply control device caused by electromagnetic pulse wave emitted during bombardment of ionosphere by X-ray and gamma-ray of nuclear explosion. The fact that nuclear explosion destroyed own communication system. 
1962.10.22 [U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.] Cuban missile crisis.
（1962.10.14 A U-2 overflight found MRBM sites in Cuba. 54 SAC bombers carrying thermonuclear weapons joined twelve-plane around-the-clock airborne alert. 136 Atlas and Titan ICBMs for firing prepared. General LeMay pushed President Kennedy to up the ante, bomb Cuba and take out the missile sites. 20 R-12 missiles with nuclear head, 9 nuclear strategic missiles in Cuba. 
1962.10.26 [U.S.A.] ICBM Atlas launched from Vandenberg base to the Pacific. A provocation. 
1963.8.5 Limited Test Ban Treaty agreed. The treaty has since been signed by a total of 116 countries, including potential nuclear states Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Africa. Though two major nuclear powers, France and the People's Republic of China, have not signed. In 1992, China exploded A-bomb beyond the LTBT limits. 
1963.12.2 [U.S.A] R. Oppenheimer is honored with Enrico Fermi prize by J.F. Kennedy and new president Johnson. 
1964.10 [China] Atomic bomb test: a uranium bomb in Lop Nor. The first guided missile on Oct. 27, 1966, and the first thermonuclear (fusion) device on Dec. 28, 1966. 
1964 [Soviet Union] Demonstration of ABM in a military parade, Megaton class warhead. 
1965.2.7 [Vietnam] Bombing by U.S. Air Force of north Vietnam. 
1965.3.23 [U.S.A] Gemini No.3 launched on a Titan VA rocket. 
1965.12.5 [U.S.A] H-bomb-loaded plane sunk 300 km east of Okinoerabu island. 
1966 [Spain] Nuclear bomb-loaded air plane crash. On the 2.5MT weapon, 2 gunpowder ignition out of 4 exploded. 
1968 [U.S.A] Nuclear bomb-loaded plane crash at Thule, Greeenland. 
1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968): Multilateral agreement signed and ratified by the US, USSR, UK, and 133 non-nuclear-weapon states to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to assure that the peaceful nuclear programs of non-nuclear-weapon states are not diverted to weapons production. In May 1995, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was made permanent. 
1969.6.12 [Japan] A nuclear-powered vessel "Mutsu" launching. 
1969.7.20 [U.S.A] Apollo 11 landed on the moon. Launched by Saturn V rocket. 
1971 [U.S.A] Spy satellite "Big Bird" launched by a Titan IIID rocket. 
1972.5 [U.S.A] Laser navigation bomb used in Vietnam. 
1972.5 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I, Interim Agreement: Bilateral agreement between the US and USSR of five-year duration which froze the number of strategic ballistic missiles at 1972 levels. Construction of additional land-based ICBM silos were prohibited, while SLBM launcher levels can be increased if corresponding reductions are made in older ICBM or SLBM launchers. Modernization of launchers is allowed, however, if kept within specific dimensions. 
1972 [U.S.A] Usual warhead torpedo deployed, replacing nuclear torpedoes which were deployed since 1958, because underwater nuclear explosion interferes with sonar data. 
1973 [U.S.A] Miniature nuclear warhead developed, yield of 50 tons TNT. Conventional tactical nuclear weapons. 
1974.5.18 [India] Atomic bomb test of a plutonium implosion bomb. At Rajasthan. 
1977.6 [U.S.A.] Design by a student [John Phillip] of plutonium bomb. Approached by Pakistan spy. 
1977.7.12 [U.S.A] Neutron Bomb development decided by President Jimmy Carter's "Countervailing Strategy". Enhanced deterrence by making victory in any nuclear conflict unattainable or meaningless. The neutron bomb differs from standard nuclearweapons insofar as its primary lethal effects come from the radiation damage caused by the neutrons it emits. It is also known as an enhanced-radiation weapon (ERW). 
1979.3.28 [U.S.A] Accident at Three Miles Nuclear Reactor: The worst core melting up to that time. 
1979.6 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II Treaty: Bilateral, unratified agreement between the US and USSR setting equal aggregate ceilings and subceilings on strategic offensive weapon systems and imposing qualitative restraints on existing and future strategic systems. Specifically, the SALT II equal ceilings include: 2,400 aggregate limit on strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers) 1,320 subceiling on MIRVed ballistic missiles.(SALT II) No ratification because of invasion to Afghanistan by Soviet Union. 
1979.9.22 [Soviet Union] Flash of nuclear explosion detected offshore to South Africa. Notified to Washington. Suspected nuclear test. 
1979 [U.S.A] Digital spy satellite launched using CCD camera without film to be collected.
1980.6.3 [U.S.A.]A 46-cent computer chip fails, causing the mistaken detection of a Soviet missile attack by the NORAD system. About 100 B-52 bombers were readied for take off along with the President's airborne command post before the error is detected.  
1980.9.20 [U.S.A.]A technician dropping a wrench and breaking a fuel tank causes an explosion in the silo of a Titan II Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile. The explosion blows off the 740-ton door and sends the re-entry vehicle with its 9-megaton warhead 600 feet into the air, killing one man and injuring 21 others.  
1981.4.9 [U.S.A.]The USS George Washington, a submarine carrying 160 nuclear warheads, collides with a Japanese freighter in the East China Sea.  
1981.8.9 [U. S. A.] Resumed production of neutron bomb by President Ronald Reagan. Triad of B1 bomber, MX missle, Trident sub restored.  
1981.11.2 [U.S.A.]An American Poseidon nuclear missile being winched from the submarine support ship USS Holland falls seventeen feet when the winch runs free. The automatic brakes on the winch bring it to rest just above the submarine's hull. 
1982.4.2 Falkland island battle: Accuracy rate of Sidewinder missile is 86%.  
1982.7.23 [U. S. A.] Additional production of neutron bombs by President R.Reagan. 2200 bombs including those for NATO army. 
1983.3.23 [U. S. A.] Strategic Defense Initiative (nicknamed "Star Wars") by President R. Reagan. Satellite system counteracting warheads of Soviet ICBM. Development of laser weapons.  
1984.3.21 [U.S.A. U.S.S.R.]The aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk collides with a Soviet attack submarine. The submarine is carrying nuclear armed torpedoes and the carrier is armed with several dozen nuclear weapons.  
1986.4.26 [U.S.S.R.] Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. Nuclear power surge caused a steam explosion. Graphite in reactor core caught fire and burned for day. Fuel remaining in reactor core melted into basement. It was first officially announced on April 30 (FOUR days later). The brief announcement ended with words "life in the area of accident is returning to normal". 
1986.9 [U. S. A.] Radioactive pollution from nuclear weapon plant exposed in Report of the Board of Audit. 
1986.10.3 [U.S.S.R.]A fire breaks out aboard a Soviet Yankee Class nuclear submarine in the Atlantic about 400 miles east of Bermuda. The submarine sinks three days later while under tow. 
1986.10 [U. S. A.] Past human experiments on radioactivity effect exposed: 
1987.12 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, INF: Bilateral ratified treaty between the US and USSR, which requires parties to eliminate all intermediate-range missiles (IRMs), shorter-range missiles (SRMs), and associated equipment. Compliance is monitored using national technical means, five types of on-site inspection, and cooperative measures.  
1989.1 [U. S. A.] Shutdown of unneeded nuclear weapon plants by President R.Reagan, including Fernald (OH), Rocky Flats (CO), Savannah River (SC), Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (ID), Oak Ridge (TN) and Others. Reactor shutdowns at Hanford: DR - December 1964, H - April 1965, F - June 1965, D - June 1967, B - February 1968, C - April 1969, KW - February 1970, KE - January 1971, N - initial safety modifications shutdown January 1987 - "cold stand by" February 1988. 
1989.1.19 [Germany] Fall of East Berlin Wall. 
1989.4.7 [U.S.S.R.]The Soviet nuclear submarine Komsomolets sinks 300 miles off Norway, killing 42 crewmen.  
1989 [U. S. A.] Stops deploying nuclear depth bombs and ship-to-air warheads.  
1991.1 [U. S. A.] SDI project renewed by President George Bush. 1000 missile-navigation satellites. 
1991.1.17 Gulf war: President G.Bush sent 425,000 American troops to Iraq (Desert Storm). Pollution by depleted uranium from armor piercing shells.  
1991.7 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty: Bilateral agreement between the US and USSR, which if ratified, would set a ceiling of 1,600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and 6,000 "accountable" warheads for each country. START cuts U.S. long-range nuclear warheads by 15%, Soviet by 25%. But both sides are permitted to continue modernization plans, and the number of nuclear warheads carried on some categories of strategic weapons is projected to actually increase by the late 1990s under the treaty.  
1991.9.27 [U.S.S.R.]A missile misfires on a Soviet Typhoon class nuclear-powered submarine carrying several nuclear weapons.  
1991.9.27 [U. S. A.] Unilateral cut of tactical nuclear weapons by President G.Bush. U.S.S.R. President Mikhail Gorbachev, responded with a plan of similar reduction of nuclear weapon number.  
1991.12 [U.S.S.R.] U.S.S.R. breaks up into independent states. Cold war ends. 
1992.1.29 [U. S. A.] Indefinite postponement of production of nuclear warheads for Trident II, W-88, by President G. Bush. 
1992.5 Lisbon protocol: Confirmation by U.S.A. and 4 former-Soviet republics of START-I. 
1993.1 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II): Bilateral agreement between the US and Russia which if ratified, would cut one-half of strategic nuclear weapons. 
1993.3.20 [Russia U.S.A.]A Russian Delta III class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine collides with the USS Grayling, a nuclear-powered attack submarine in the Barent Sea.  
1993.3 [South Africa] Manufacturing and dismantling of 6 nuclear bombs confirmed since 1989. 
1993.8.2 [U. S. A.] Exhibition of Enola Gay decided by President William J. Clinton, at Smithonian museum. 
1993.8 old U.S.S.R. [U.S.S.R.] Damage in victims of nuclear tests exposed: 496 nuclear tests in Semipalatinsk neglected radiation effect on neighboring inhabitants' health.  
1993.9.11 [Ukraine] Nuclear warhead accident causes rapid increase in radioactivity in Pervomaisk arsenal. Due to too densely storing of nuclear warheads. 
1993.9.22 [U. S. A.] Underground explosion test: By usual explosive for database of earthquake wave.  
1993.10.19 [Ukraine] Independence: 130 SS-19 missiles, 46 SS-24 missiles, and 2 strategic bomber regiments taken over from Russia.  
1993.11 [Russia]Two nuclear warheads stolen. By drunkard engineers. Found later at car park.  
1993.12 [U. S. A.] Allows free access to information relating to nuclear weapons, total of 1051 nuclear tests including 204 secret small scale (below 20kt) underground tests; radiation experiments on living persons: 600 persons, 800 times. 
1994.1 [U. S. A.][Russia][Ukraine] Triad nuclear warhead dismantling agreement. Ukraine gets nuclear fuel for power generation from Russia in return for warheads; U.S.A. buys from Russia enriched uranium of dismantled warheads. 
1995.19 [U. S. A.] Smithsonian museum rebellion: Concerning exhibition on atomic bomb in relation to Enola Gay. Reduced estimate of number of American soldiers killed and wounded in the hypothetical invasion of Japan without use of Little Boy and Fat Man from one million to 63 thousands.  
1995.1.30 [U. S. A.] Cancellation of atomic bomb exhibition at Smithsonian museum. Only Enola Gay was exhibited, due to opposition by veteran's organization. "Myth of Atomic Bomb" dies hard.  
1995.8.3 [U. S. A.] Nuclear tests without nuclear explosion proposed in Jason Report. 
1995.8.11 [U. S. A.] Total ban of nuclear test proposed by President W. Clinton.  
1995.9.2 [France] Nuclear tests in Mururoa atoll under commander Gen. Paul Verice. The blast was designed to test software so France can conduct future tests in computers, without actual detonations. In a tunnel bored 1,800 to 3,000 feet below the surface. The blast equaled less than 20,000 tons of TNT. In all, France conducted 204 nuclear tests, 17 of them in the 1960s in the Sahara Desert and the remainder in French Polynesia. 
1995.10.12 [U. S. A.] Nuclear warhead stockpile totals 9000: 7000 in U.S.A.; 480 in Europe; 1500 with submarines. 
1995.12.8 [Japan] Accident in plutonium high speed breeder reactor "Monju". The only operating plutonium breeder reactor in the world. Leaking of cooling liquid sodium.  
1995.12 Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-free Zone (SEANWFZ) Treaty: Signed by ASEAN Countries. Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Vietnam. 
1996.1.5 [Ukraine] Blasting of strategic missile silo, observed by Ministry of defense of U.S.A. and Russia.  
1996.1.19 [France] A French Mirage 2000-N nuclear bomber crashes in southern France after flying into a flock of birds. French officials state that there were no nuclear missiles on board when the plane went down. 
1996.1.27 [France] The final nuclear test: Warhead for nuclear submarine.  
1996.2.10 [Russia] Smuggling of plutonium confirmed: 363 g high density plutonium found and seized at Munich airport in June, 1994. 
1996.4.20 Atomic energy summit in Russia. 
1996.6.8 [China] Nuclear test.  
1996.7.8 Advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice on the Legal Status of Nuclear Weapons: Any nuclear weapon threat or use is illegal. The question to the IJC was presented by the General Assembly of United Nations on 15 December 1994. World Court Project has been promoted by 3 NGO's including IPPNW since 1992. 
1996.7.29 [China] The final nuclear test: Lop Nor. A total of 42 nuclear tests since 1990. Nuclear explosion tests on the earth altogether: 1452.  
1996.8.14 [Australia] Report of Canberra Commission: 17 experts from 12 states, including Joseph Rotblat, Robert MacNamara. Identification of concrete and realistic steps for achieving a nuclear-weapon-free world including the development and establishment of necessary verification and control mechanisms and new international legal obligation.  
1996.9.10 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Multilateral agreement signed by the US, Russia, UK, and 90 non-nuclear-weapon states would ban any and all nuclear tests, big or small, above and below the Earth's surface. It established a worldwide monitoring system--including 170 seismic stations--to check air, water and soil for signals that someone set off a nuclear explosion. Not effective because nuclear state India refused to sign the treaty.  
1996.11.15 [France] A nuclear weapon plant shut down. 
1996.12.4 [U. S. A.] Joint statement by General Goodpaster and General Lee Butler: Reduce of nuclear weapons arsenals, due to declining usefulness and continuing risks. (Washington, D. C.) 
1996.12.5 Statement for abolition of nuclear weapons by commanders of many countries. 
1996.12.6 A-Bomb Dome Registered as World Heritage. Hiroshima's Pledge Becomes Humanity's Pledge. By the UNESCO World Heritage Committee meeting in Merida, Mexico. 
1997.2.25 [Russia]A supercomputer (IBM) for nuclear test simulation purchased via European agency.7 million dollars. 
1997.3.11 [Japan]An Accidental explosion at a nuclear waste recycling factory. The intentional hiding exposed. 
1997.4.11 [Japan] A heavy water reactor accident.11 times for 2 years, not publicized. 
1997.5.27 Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-free Zone Treaty(Bankok Treaty) enters into force. The entire south hemisphere is nuclear weapon-free. 
1997.6.4 [U.S.A.]Facilities (Nevada) for sub-threshold nuclear test shown to media. 1.5 kg plutonium for warhead is pressed with 80Gpa, 170Gpa,230Gpa by 75 kg TNT. 
1997.7.2 [U.S.A.]Sub-threshold nuclear test: Nevada 
1997.8.14 [U.S.A]Reduction by 300 nuclear weapons possible. Statement by Thomas Graham, the Special Representative of the US President for Arms Control. 
1997.8.21 [U.S.A]Improved nuclear warheads deployed. B61-11.Length 3.6m, weight 500kg, Loadable by B-2 and F-16 aircraft. 
1997.11.13 [Russia]Sub-threshold nuclear tests in 1996 and 1997 reported. 
1997.12.9 [Japan]Japanese plutonium stockpile, 53.789t.  
1998. 5.11 [India]Nuclear tests in Pokaran, Rajasthan. Two atomic bombs and one hydrogen bomb. Insisting Pakistan threat and protesting against the present NPT and CTBT regime. 
1998. 5.13 [India]Another nuclear test. Obtaining data for sub-threshold nuclear test. 
1998. 5.28 [Pakistan]Nuclear tests in Baluchistan. 5 tests. Insisting Indian nuclear threat. 
1998. 5.30 [Pakistan]Additional tests for missile war head. 
1998.12.8 [Russia]Sub-threshold nuclear tests for checking quality of plutonium of nuclear weapons. Further 5 tests from August to December, 1998. 
1998.12.11 [U.S.A.]Sub-threshold nuclear test: Nevada. Feb. 9, 1999 6th test. Sept. 30,1999 7th test. 
1999.1.8 [U.S.A.]A suspicion of leakage of information of Trident missile nuclear warhead from Los Alamos to People's Republic of China. Later a Chinese scientist (US citizen) was arrested. 
1999.1.24 [U.S.A.]Production of tritium for nuclear weapons in Tennessee, stated by the Department of Energy. 
1999.5.14 [Netherlands]The Hague Agenda for Peace and Justice for the 21th century, presented by Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the UN, Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasani of Bangladesh and Queen Noor of Jordan. The Hague Appeal agenda demands ten fundamental principles for a just world order: 1. Every Parliament should adopt a resolution prohibiting their government from going to war, like the Japanese article number nine. 6. Negotiations for a Convention Eliminating Nuclear Weapons should begin immediately. 9. Peace education should be compulsory in every school in the world.  
1999.7.15 [China]Technical accomplishment of making neutron weapons is stated. 
1999.9.30 [Japan]CRITICALITY ACCIDENT AT TOKAI URANIUM CONVERSION FACILITY, a commercial nuclear fuel plant (JCO, Ltd.) where enriched UF6 gas is converted into UO2 powder for further processing. When total of 16.1 kg of enriched urnium235 was filled in a basin surrounded by water coolant, the criticality occurred. Three workers near the basin was irradiated by neutrons. Amount of blood 24Na determined later indicated that irradiation was about 17Sv. A worker the most heavily irradiated died 83 days later.  
1999.10.8 [Japan]Central Asia Nuclear Free Zone Treaty meeting in Sapporo. Basically agreed by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.  
1999.10.13 [U.S.A.]The Senate rejected the ratification of CTBT.  
1999.11.9 [United Nations]A Resolution, Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: the need for a new agenda, was approved by a recorded vote of 90 in favor to 13 against, with 37 abstentions. In favor: Algeria, Angola, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Court de Divoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, VietNam, Yemen, Zambia. 
Against: Bulgaria, Estonia, France, Hungary, India, Israel, Monaco, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States. 
Abstain: Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Myanmar, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.  
1999.11.10 [U.S.A.]8th sub-threshold nuclear test.  
2000.2.3 [U.S.A.] 9th sub-threshold nuclear test. 2000.3.22;10th test:2000.8.18;12th test. 
2000.2.4 [Russia] Sub-threshold nuclear test. 7 times after 1999.9.2 
2000.4.15 [Russia]The Lower House (The Upper House on 4.19) ratified START �U(7 years after signed).  
2000.5.20 [United Nations] NPT-Review Conference agreed on the following practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the 1995 Decision on "Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament": 1.The importance and urgency of signatures and ratifications, without delay and without conditions and in accordance with constitutional processes, to achieve the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. 2.A moratorium on nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending entry into force of that Treaty. 3.The necessity of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices in accordance with the statement of the Special Coordinator in 1995 and the mandate contained therein, taking into consideration both nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years. 4.The necessity of establishing in the Conference on Disarmament an appropriate subsidiary body with a mandate to deal with nuclear disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament is urged to agree on a programme of work which includes the immediate establishment of such a body. 5.The principle of irreversibility to apply to nuclear disarmament, nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures. 6.An unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear weapon states to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament to which all States parties are committed under Article VI. 7.The early entry into force and full implementation of START II and the conclusion of START III as soon as possible while preserving and strengthening the ABM Treaty as a cornerstone of strategic stability and as a basis for further reductions of strategic offensive weapons, in accordance with its provisions. 8.The completion and implementation of the Trilateral Initiative between the United States of America, the Russian Federation and the International Atomic Energy Agency. 9.Steps by all the nuclear weapon States leading to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability, and based on the principle of undiminished security for all: Further efforts by the nuclear weapon States to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally. Increased transparency by the nuclear weapon States with regard to their nuclear weapons capabilities and the implementation of agreements pursuant to Article VI and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress on nuclear disarmament. The further reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process. Concrete agreed measures to further reduce the operational status of nuclear weapons systems. A diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies to minimize the risk that these weapons ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination. The engagement as soon as appropriate of all the nuclear weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. Arrangements by all nuclear weapon States to place, as soon as practicable, fissile material designated by each of them as no longer required for military purposes under IAEA or other relevant international verification and arrangements for the disposition of such material for peaceful purposes, to ensure that such material remains permanently outside of military programmes.10.Reaffirmation that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under effective international control. 11.Regular reports, within the framework of the NPT strengthened review process, by all States parties on the implementation of Article VI and paragraph 4 (c) of the 1995 Decision on "Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament", and recalling the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice of 8 July 1996. 12.The further development of the verification capabilities that will be required to provide assurance of compliance with nuclear disarmament agreements for the achievement and maintenance of a nuclear weapon free world.  
2000.812 [Russia]The giant Russian nuclear submarine Kursk -- carrying a crew of 118 -- sank in the icy waters of the Barents Sea after what Russian officials described as a "catastrophe that developed at lightning speed." More than a week later divers opened the rear hatch of the sub but found no survivors. 
2000.11.1 [United Nations] A Resolution for Abolition of Nuclear Weapons sponsored by New Agenda Coalition Nations approved by a recorded vote 146 in favour to 3 against, with 8 abstentions. Against: Israel, India and Pakistan. 
2001.7.12 [U.S.A.] US government, [Rumsfeld, the U.S. defense secretary], suggested withdrawal from ABM-treaty. 
2001.9.11 [U.S.A.] 8:45 a.m. (all times are EDT): A hijacked passenger jet, American Airlines Flight 11 out of Boston, crashes into the north tower of the World Trade Center, tearing a gaping hole in the building and setting it afire. 9:03 a.m.: A second hijacked airliner, United Airlines Flight 175 from Boston, crashes into the south tower of the World Trade Center and explodes. Both buildings are burning. 9:43 a.m.: American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon. The south tower of the World Trade Center collapses, plummeting into the streets below. 10:10 a.m.: United Airlines Flight 93, also hijacked, crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh. 10:28 a.m.: The World Trade Center's north tower collapses from the top down. American Flight 11, a Boeing 767 flying from Boston to Los Angeles, had 81 passengers and 11 crew aboard. Flight 77, a Boeing 757 en route from Washington's Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles, had 58 passengers and six crew members aboard. Flight 175, from Boston to Los Angeles, has crashed with 56 passengers and nine crew members aboard. 1:44 p.m.: The Pentagon says five warships and two aircraft carriers will leave the U.S. Naval Station in Norfolk, Virginia, to protect the East Coast from further attack and to reduce the number of ships in port. The two carriers, the USS George Washington and the USS John F. Kennedy, are headed for the New York coast. The other ships headed to sea are frigates and guided missile destroyers capable of shooting down aircraft. 4 p.m: U.S. officials said there are "good indications" that Saudi militant Osama bin Laden, suspected of coordinating the bombings of two U.S. embassies in 1998, is involved in the attacks, based on "new and specific" information developed since the attacks. 
2001.9.12 [U.S.A.] IPPNW published astatement "... We support the efforts by US and international authorities to identify the perpetrators of this crime against humanity and to bring them to justice... We cannot help but think of the consequences had nuclear weapons been used in this attack. The deaths and injuries would have numbered in the millions, and the hospitals and other emergency response infrastructure would have been destroyed, making it impossible to rescue and care for survivors.... What befell New York and Washington must force us to consider the prospect, indeed the seeming inevitability, that one day terrorism will go nuclear. The US, as the world's richest most technologically advanced country, is most susceptible to nuclear terrorism. No nation, therefore, has more benefit to derive from the abolition of nuclear weapons. 
2001.9.26 [U.S.A.]14th subthreshold nuclear experiment 
2001.10.16 [Georgia] 21 cans of coffee containing Plutonium (dismantled from Soviet nuclear weapons?) was found and seized. 
2001.11.5 [United Nations] A Resolution, Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: approved in the First Committee by a recorded vote of 124 in favor to 2 against, with 20 abstentions. US first voted against showing the wish to make CTBT void. 
2002.1.9 [U.S.A.]Nuclear Posture Review (NPR),released by US Department of Defense. US, rather than fulfilling its commitment under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) has reasserted the centrality of nuclear weapons to its national defense policy.US intends not only to maintain thousands of nuclear warheads well into the middle of this century, but also to “modernize” its nuclear forces by adding new types of warheads that will eventually require a resumption of nuclear testing. 
2002. 2.15 [U.S.A.]Subcritical nuclear weapons experiment named "Vito" at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.The United Kingdom participated in this experimentat. 17th subcritical nuclear experiment on June 7, 18th experiment named "Mario" on August 29 and 19th experiment dubbed "Rocco" on Septmber 26, 2002. 
2002. 2.15[U.S.A.] Anew study completed in August 2001 by National Cancer Institute showed that people living in a long,plume-shaped region stretching from Idaho and Montana to the Mississippi River and beyond had a slightly higher risk of developing thyroid cancer because of the Nevada tests.he study says in highly guarded terms that the global fallout could eventually be responsible for more than 11,000 cancer deaths in the United States.
2002. 3.10 [U.S.A.] U.S. nuclear plan sees new targets and weapons for striking targets in Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Syria and Libya;stresses need to develop earth-penetrating nuclear weapons to destroy heavily fortified underground bunkers.It argues that US may need to resume nuclear testing. 
2002. 4 [U.S.A.] Plan to store the nation's deadly radioactive waste under Yucca Mountain, Nevada, opposed by Gov. Kenny Guinn. General Accounting Office concluded in December that nearly 300 scientific and engineering questions about the Yucca plan remained unanswered. Nevada's top officials accused the president of kowtowing to the pro-Yucca nuclear energy lobby and reneging on a campaign promise not to approve the plan without "sound science."
2002. 5.24[U.S.A.][RUSSIA] Nucelar arms cut treaty signed. It commits both countries to reducing their arsenals, now 6,000 warheads each, to no more than 2,200 at end of 2012, when treaty expires; after that, either nation would be free to rearm starting next year unless agreement is extended.
2002. 7.15[Japan]Non-nuclear decralation by more than 80% of local assembly.
2002. 9.20[U.S.A.]President Bush's new national security strategy,"The National Security Strategy of the United States." In the Cold War, weapons of mass destruction were considered weapons of last resort whose use risked the destruction of those who used them. Today, our enemies see weapons of mass destruction as weapons of choice.The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction -- and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack.
2002. 9.25 [U.S.A.]A potential shortage of tritium, a crucial ingredient of every nuclear weapon, has prompted the Department of Energy to consider whether to ammend starting projects to manufacture more of the radioactive gas.(Tritium, a form of hydrogen, is used to improve the efficiency of fission in uranium and plutonium, and is stored as a gas in nuclear weapons for that purpose. It decays at 5.5 percent a year, and must be replenished.)
2002.10.17 [D.P.R.K., North Korea] Bush administration says North Korea admits it has been conducting major clandestine nuclear-weapons development program for past several years and that it has 'nullified' its 1994 agreement with US to freeze all nuclear weapons development activity; surprise revelation comes after American diplomat James A. Kelley confronts North Korean counterparts in Pyongyang with American intelligence data suggesting secret project is under way.
2002.10.17[U.S.A.and United Kingdom] The report, Collateral Damage: The Health and Environmental Costs of War on Iraq,issued by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) and produced by Medact. A US-led attack on Iraq could kill between 48,000 and 260,000 civilians and combatants in just the first three months of conflict. Post-war health effects could take an additional 200,000 lives.
2002.12.22[D.P.R.K., North Korea] Removal of the equipment that international inspectors installed more than eight years ago to make sure that it would not make use of its large stockpile of plutonium to produce nuclear weapons.
2002.12.27 [D.P.R.K., North Korea] North Korea's announcement of expelling IAEA inspectors of nuclear program. Reatart of a nuclear fuel reprocessing laboratory that could supply the nation with weapons-grade plutonium. 
2003.1.10[D.P.R.K, North Korea] Announcement of wthdrawing from Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT)and escape from the restraint of the nuclear-inspection agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) completely. 
2003.1.21[Iran] Visit by IAEA Director General,Mohamed ElBaradeito Iran for inspection of nuclear institutes, etc. Doubt of nuclear weapon development. 
2003.1.28[Japan] The difference found in the presumed plutonium contained in the spent nuclear fuel sent to Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute Tokai Re-processing Institute and the quantity actually extracted by re-processing. 206 kg in 25 years. 
2003. 1.31[D.P.R.K., North Korea] The transfer of nuclear fuel rods toYongbyon nuclear facility found by a spy satellite.  
2003.2.14[United Nations]Denouncement by French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin at the Security Council of proposal by US and UK for sanction of Iraq by armed forces. World-wide anti-war demonstration by more than 10 million people.  
2003.2.16[U.S.A.] A prospect by U.S. Vice-President that the nuclear armament of North Korea with ballistic missile causes arms race in East Asia. "Japan may be forced to consider its own nuclear armament."  
2003.3.19[U.S.A.] Iraq war: Declaration by President Bush. 
2003.3.19[U.S.A.] Approve, Disapprove the way George W. Bush is handling the situation with Iraq by US citizens:3/23/03,75% and 22%; 9/15-16/03,46% and 47%.  
2003.3.21[Iraq] The first air attack by U.S. Forces to Bagdhad.  
2003.3.22[U.K] Anti-war action in many cities. The demonstration parade by about 500,000 people (police presumption, about 100,000 people).   
2003.3.22[Japan] Opinion survey: Approval and Disapproval; Iraq War, 31% and 58%. Support by Prime Minister Koizumi of Iraw War, 50% and 39%. 
2003.3.26[Iraq] Air attack by cluster bombs and depleted uranium-shells, officially stated by US-central army.   
2003.4.24[U.S.A., China, DPRK] Expression by North Korea diplomat to US of possesion of nuclear arsenal at three nations discussion of North Korean nuclear issue in Beijing.   
2003.5.1[U.S.A., Iraq] Declaration of Victory of Iraq war by President Bush on the carrier Abraham Lincoln.   
2003.5.9[U.S.A.]Senate Armed Services Committee completes markup of national defense authorization bill for fiscal year 2004.<BR>* Authorized a provision to repeal the ban on research and development of low yield nuclear weapons, and stated that nothing in the repeal shall be construed as authorizing the testing, acquisition, or deployment of a low-yield nuclear weapon (low-yield nuclear weapons of less than 5 kilotons, and earth-penetrating nuclear bombs that could destroy underground enemy facilities). * Authorized a provision to require the Secretary of Energy to achieve and maintain the ability to conduct an underground nuclear test within 18 months, should it become necessary for the President to order such a test. * Authorized $21.0 million for the advance concepts initiative, of which $15.0 million is directed to continue the feasibility study on the robust nuclear earth penetrator.  
2003.5.22[Iraq] The greatest nuclear facility, pillaged resulting in a radioactive contamination. About 20km south to Baghdad.   
2003.5.29[U.S.A.] Investigation by Senate for forgery by Bush administration of Niger's official document of Iraqi intention to purchase uranium from Niger, a crucial evidence for justification of preemptive attack because of possession by Iraq of MDW.   
2003.6.12[Iraq] Contamination by radioactivity from depleted uranium,100 times as natural count. Assessed by Dr. Yuko Fujita, Keio University (physics). Maximum, 6 micro Sv per hour. Non contaminated area, 0.06 micro Sv.   
2003.8.27[China] 6 parties,D.P.R.K, U.S.A., China, Korea, Russia, Japan, talks in Beijing on North Korean nuclear issue.   
2003. 8.30[Russia] The K-159, a Russian November-class nuclear submarine, sank during bad weather in the Barents Sea, taking with it nine sailors.  
2003.9.19[U.S.A.] 20th subcritical nuclear weapons experiment named "Piano" at the experimental institution in Nevada.    
2003.10.2[Russia] The new military doctrine published: Employing preemptive nuclear attack and tactical nuclear weapons.    
2003.10.5[U.S.A.,Iraq ] Mass Deastruction Weapons, not detected in Iraq. Stated by the chief officer of inspection team of Central Intelligence Agency.   
2003.10.7[Japan, China, Korea] Joint declaration proposing the nuclear free Korean peninsula.    
2003.10.14[Iran] A secret uranium enrichment program for 18 years, asserted. At secret installations in a place called Kolahdouz (15km east to Isfahan). 10.21; Renouncement of the program declared by the government.    
2003.10.15[China] A manned skyship launched.
2003.10.30[United Nations] At the 1st committee of the United Nations General Assembly, a resolution proposed by Japan towards abolition of nuclear weapons approved. 146 in favor to 2 against, with 16 abstentions. Start of negotiation for the Cut-off treaty for prevention of production of arm grade nuclear fuel, declared.    
2003.12.19[Libya] Colonel Qaddafi agrees to dismantle all weapons of mass destruction programs in his country and to allow weapons inspectors from international organizations into the country. 
 2004. 1.11 [DPRK]North Korea claims to have shown its nuclear weapons to delegation of American experts.
2004. 1.28 [Iraq]Former top U.S. weapons inspector David Kay testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee that he did not find large stockpiles of newly produced weapons of mass destruction.
2004. 2. 2 [Pakistan]A top scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan addressed TV and accepted full responsibility for transferring nuclear secrets to Iran, Libya and North Korea. He later asked Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf for forgiveness and then proceeded to apologize to the nation. There were also reports that the scientist had named President Musharraf in his confession, saying he knew about the nuclear transfers.
2004. 2.11 [U.S.A] President Bush's new proposal of a number of measures for non-proliferation. Nuclear fuel should be provided, and at reasonable prices, only to countries that renounce fuel enrichment and reprocessing:"Proliferators must not be allowed to cynically manipulate the NPT to acquire the material and infrastructure necessary for manufacturing illegal weapons."
2004. 4.13 [DPRK, North Korea] Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani scientist who sold nuclear technology around world, tells Pakistani interrogators that during trip to North Korea five years ago he was taken to secret underground nuclear plant and shown what he describes as three nuclear devices
2004. 4.22 [Israel] Mordechai Vanunu, former Israeli nuclear technician who disclosed information about country's clandestine nuclear program to news media, is released from prison after serving 18-year sentence
2004. 5.25 [U.S.A] 21th subcritical nuclear weapons experiment at the experimental institution in Nevada.
2004. 8. 9 [Japan] Four workers killed and seven others injured when steam leaked from a nuclear reactor in Mihama, Fukui Prefecture, in Japan's worst nuclear plant accident. The accident occurred during regular maintenance in a facility housing the reactor turbines.
2004. 9. 8 [South Korea] Clandestine uranium enrichment experiments conducted in South Korea in 2000, revealed. South Korea admitted that researchers had conducted such experiments -- in which a total of 0.2 gram of uranium was enriched in January and February 2000 -- without the knowledge of the government.
2004.10.28　 [United Nations] A resolution, entitled “A path to the total elimination of nuclear weapons,” sponsored by the New Agenda Coalition, which includes Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden, approved by a recorded vote of 151 in favour to 2 against (India, United States), with 16 abstentions (The First Committee), expressing deep concern regarding the growing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including that caused by proliferation networks, and convinced that every effort should be made to avoid nuclear war and nuclear terrorism, the Assembly would reaffirm the importance of achieving the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and call on States not parties to the Treaty to accede to it as non-nuclear weapon States without delay and without conditions.
2004.11.14 [Iran]Iran pledges to suspend its uranium enrichment activities in a sign of cooperation even as the United States has been stepping up pressure over the country's nuclear program.
2004.11.17 [Russia] Vladimir V Putin says Russia will soon deploy new nuclear missile systems that will surpass those of any other nuclear power, Russia will continue to stress its nuclear deterrent, even as it continues its focus on terrorism.
2004.11.20 [U.S.A.] Giant spending bill that Congress passes eliminates money for developing new nuclear weapons, including one that would be used to destroy underground bunkers; it also deeply cuts Bush administration's request for money for new factory to make triggers for nuclear bombs.
2005. 1. 8 [Russia] Spill out of Radioactivity from northern sea submarine base, reported.
2005. 1.10 [Russia] Transport of used nuclear fuel of nuclear submarines through the Soya cannal, disclosed.
2005.2.8 [Central Asia]Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan signed a treaty establishing a Central Asian nuclear weapon-free zone (CANWFZ).
2005. 2.10 [North Korea] Developing nucear weapons officially declared. 6 parties talk interrupted.
2005. 2.10 [Congo] That 6,000 illegal miners are extracting large amounts of material containing uranium, reported. The uranium is allegedly sold to nearby furnaces operated mainly by private businessmen from China and India. It is then reportedly illegally exported to the world market via neighbouring Zambia.
2005. 3 [North Korea] Yongbyon nuclear power plant shut down, suspected to permit North Korea to remove spent plutonium.
2005.4.26 [Mexico]Nuclear Weapons Free Zones Conference in Mexico city. 91 countries including nuclear state-observers.
2005.5.11 [米]Resolution relating to the commencement of negotiations on the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon related materials, approved by Connecticut State Senate.Yes; 34, No;0.
2005. 5.27 [United Nations]Nuclear Non-Proliferation Review Closes Without Consensus. A spokesman for Secretary-General Kofi Annan said in a statement the UN chief “very much regrets” that the meeting closed without substantive agreement, noting that the parties “missed a vital opportunity to strengthen our collective security against the many nuclear threats to which all states and all peoples are vulnerable.”
2005.7.14 [China]Chinese general warns of nuclear risk to US.Major general Zhu Chenghu, a dean at the National Defence University."If the Americans draw their missiles and position-guided ammunition on to the target zone on China's territory, I think we will have to respond with nuclear weapons.""We Chinese will prepare ourselves for the destruction of all of the cities east of Xian." "Of course, the Americans will have to be prepared that hundreds of cities will be destroyed by the Chinese."
2005. 7.19 [Iran]President Khatami says that Iran will not forsake the right to produce nuclear fuel and the enrichment suspension will not be permanent. On 27, that activities at the Isfahan UCF could resume in days, depending on the concessions proposed at an Iran-EU meeting. "The system has already made its decision to resume Isfahan's activities," he said.
2005.10. 7 [Norway] The Nobel Peace Prize 2005, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei.
2005.10.12 [China] China's second manned space flight conducted by two astronauts over five days.Shenzhou 6 carrying Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.
2005.10.26 [U.S.A.] No Nuclear "Bunker Buster" Money in FY 2006 DOE Funding Bill. The Bush Administration and Senate agrees to eliminate research funding for the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator (RNEP) in the FY 2006 Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill. 　　　
2005.10.26 [United Nations]First Committee.A resolution, entitled "Towards a nuclear-free world: Accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament",“A path to the total elimination of nuclear weapons,” sponsored by the New Agenda Coalition, which includes Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden, approved by a recorded vote of 144 in favour to 5 against (India, U.S.A.,France,England,Israel), with 19 abstentions.Another resolution entitled "Renewed determination towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons" sponsored by Japan, approved by a recorded vote of 166 in favour to 2 against (India, United States), with 7 abstentions.
2005.12. 2 [U.S.A.] Yokosuka, Japan a port 30 miles from Tokyo metropolitan area, required to be a mother port of U.S. nuclear carrier, G. Washington. To be deployed 2008.
2006. 1.10  [Iran] Breaking open internationally monitored seals on at least three of its nuclear facilities. The step for research on enriching uranium. 
2006. 2. 4 [United Nations] Board of International Atomic Energy Agency votes, 27 to 3, to report Iran to United Nations Security Council, potentially opening door to international punishment of country for its suspected nuclear weapons program.
2006. 2.23  [U.S.A] 22th subcritical nuclear weapons test,named "Krakatau", Indonesian volcanoes. Cooperation with U.K.     
2006. 4.11 [Iran] Uranium enrichment commenced. By means of 164 centrifuges at Natanz facilities.
2006. 6.29 [U.S.A, India] U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation approved by Council on Foreign Relations. 
2006. 8.30 [U.S.A] 23th subcritical nuclear testcarried out at underground test site in Nevada. The first test in a shaft instead of gallery.
2006. 9.8 [Central Asia] The foreign ministers of the five Central Asian States--Kazakhstan, Krygyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan--signed a treaty establishing a Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (CANWFZ). The signing of the treaty went forward despite objections by the United States, Great Britain, and France. The　new zone joins four others covering Latin America and the Caribbean,
the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Africa. 
2006.10. 9 [DPRK] Announcement by the government of successfully conducted nuclear test for the first time. Both the United　States Geologic Survey and Japanese seismological authorities detected　an earth quake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 4.2 on the　Richter scale in North Korea, corroborating some aspects of the North　Korean claims. 
2006.10.14 [United Nations] Unanimously approve by Security　Council sanctions for North Korea. All five permanent members stated　that the sanctions, set out in UNSC Resolution 1718 intended to　penalize the country's regime, not inhabitants. 
2006.10.27  [United Nations] The resolution "Towards a　nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear　disarmament commitments"
sponsored by Brazil, Egypt, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa　and Sweden, approved in the First Committee. In favour: 147,Against: 8　(Democratic People's Republic of Korea, France, India, Israel,　Pakistan, Togo, United Kingdom, United States),Abstaining: The　resolution "Renewed determination towards the total　elimination of nuclear weapons" sponsored by Australia, Belgium, Chile,
Guatemala, Japan, Lithuania, Nepal, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland,　approved in the First Committee.In favour: 168,Against: 4 (Democratic　People's Republic of Korea, Equatorial Guinea, India, United States)　Abstaining: 8.　Both resolutions approved in the General Assembly, 2006.12.26.
2006.12.18 [China] Six-Party (U.S.A., North Korea, China, Korea, Russia adn Japan) Talks resumed in Beijing. North Korea maintained its defiance to demand mutual disarmament talks with the United States. Suspended 12.23 without any beneficial aggreement. 
2007. 1. 9 [U.S.A.,Japan] A U.S. nuclear-powered submarine,Newport News, collided with a Japanese crude oil tanker,Mogami, in the busy shipping lanes of the Straits of Hormuz, No one was seriously injured.
2007. 1.12 [China]  Chinese missile destroys satellite in space.
2007. 1.25 [Georgia] The Georgian government says its security services have foiled an attempt by a Russian smuggler to sell weapons-grade uranium on the black market. The material had been refined to the level that could be used, in larger quantities, in a nuclear weapon. The smuggler told the agent the uranium was just a sample, and that he had access to up to 10 pounds of the material.
2007. 2. 5 [Iran] Has begun the installation of 3,000 centrifuges in a huge underground bunker at its main nuclear facility in the central town of Natanz.
2007. 2.13 [D.P.R.K., North Korea] Agreed to take the first steps towards nuclear disarmament in exchange for energy aid, marking a diplomatic breakthrough after years of confrontation. In the deal announced at six-party talks in Beijing. Pyongyang must act within 60 days. In return, will receive 50,000 tonnes of fuel oil or economic aid of equal value.
2007. 3.21 [U.K.] An explosion aboard a Royal Navy nuclear-powered submarine, HMS Tireless, at 0420 GMT which left two sailors dead and a third injured. Caused by an oxygen "candle" on exercise under the polar ice cap with the USS Alexandria, a Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine. 
2007. 4.17 [Japan]  Nagasaki mayor, Iccho Ito, Vice President of Peace Mayors, dies after being shot.Police identify assailant as member of organized crime syndicate. As the mayor of the city where an atomic bomb was dropped just two weeks before his birth, he made a speech at the International Court of Justice in the Hague on November 7, 1995 and stressed that the use of nuclear weapons is a violation of international law.
2007. 6.18 [D.P.R.K., North Korea] Invites IAEA Officials to Pyongyang for Verification Talks. IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei received a letter dated 16 June from the DPRK, requesting an IAEA delegation to visit Pyongyang to discuss the modalities for verification and monitoring by the IAEA of the shutdown of the Yongbyon nuclear facility. At 7.18, IAEA Team confirms Shutdown of DPRK Nuclear Facilities. 
2007. 7.17 [Japan] A strong earthquake struck northwestern Japan on Monday, causing a fire and about a half-gallon of radioactive water leak at one of the world's most powerful nuclear plants, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant, and turning buildings into piles of lumber. In particular, the automatic shutdown of the reactors of Units 3, 4 and 7, which were at full power, and of the reactor of Unit 2, which was in the start up state, were performed successfully. 
2007. 7.31 [U.S.A.]  The first application in 30 years to build a new U.S. nuclear power plant has been filed with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The new 1,600-megawatt reactor would be built at the Calvert Cliffs site in Lusby, MD.
2007. 8. 3 [U.S.A., India]  The text of the "Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of India concerning peaceful uses of nuclear energy" (123 Agreement) is released by both countries. The United States would help India build nuclear power plants, and India would allow regular international inspections of its civilian reactors. Its nuclear weapons program would remain secret.
2007. 8.17 [Russia]  To revive the Soviet-era practice of sending bomber aircraft on regular patrols beyond its borders, President Vladimir Putin said. "We have decided to restore flights by Russian strategic aviation on a permanent basis," 
2007. 8.29  [U.S.A.] Six AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles, each loaded with a W80-1 variable yield nuclear warhead, were mistakenly loaded on a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52H heavy bomber at Minot and transported to Barksdale. The nuclear warheads in the missiles were supposed to have been removed before taking the missiles from their storage bunker. The missiles with the nuclear warheads were not reported missing and remained mounted to the aircraft at both Minot and Barksdale for a period of 36 hours. During this period, the warheads were not protected by the various mandatory security precautions required for nuclear weapons. The incident was reported to the top levels of the United States (U.S.) military as a Bent Spear incident, which indicates a nuclear weapon incident that is of significant concern, but does not involve the immediate threat of nuclear war.
2007.10.19 [U.S.A., Israel, Syria] Israel's top-secret air raid on Syria in September 6 destroyed a bomb factory assembling warheads fuelled by North Korean plutonium, a leading Israeli nuclear expert told. “I suspect that it was a plant for processing plutonium, namely, a factory for assembling the bomb, I think the DPRK  transferred to Syria weapons-grade plutonium in raw form, that is nuggets of easily transported metal in protective cans. I think the shaping and casting of the plutonium was supposed to be in Syria.” The September 6 raid over Syria was carried out by the US Air Force, the Al-Jazeera Web site reported Friday. The sources were quoted as saying that Israeli F-15 and F-16 jets provided cover for the US planes.
2007.11 [Russia] Celebrating Russia's Most Famous Atomic Spy, awarded a Hero of Russia medal to the American-born spy George Koval, who was the only KGB man to infiltrate the Manhattan project. Koval, who worked under the codename "Delmar", died in Moscow back in 2006. "In time of raised tensions, Moscow honors its Cold War spies."
2007.12.3  [U.S.A.] U.S. National Intelligence Estimate about Iran´s nuclear program which concludes that there has been no on-going nuclear weapons program in Iran since the fall of 2003.
2007.12.5 [United Nations] A resolution highlighting serious health concerns over the use of depleted uranium weapons.  136 in favor, 5 (UK, USA, Netherlands, Israel and the Czech Republic) against, 36 abstentions. 
2007.12.5 [United Nations] A resolution accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments (document A/62/391), 156 in favour to 5 against (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, France, India, Israel, United States.), with 14 abstentions. A resolution on convention on the prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons (document A/62/392), 120 in favour to 52 against, with 10 abstentions.A resolution on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) (document A/62/397),176 in favour to 1 against(United States), with 4 abstentions, 9 absent(Angola, Chad, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Kiribati, Seychelles, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu).
2008. 3.25[U.S.A.] Pentagon admits mistaken nuclear arms shipment. Shipping by mistake electrical fuses for an intercontinental ballistic missile to Taiwan.Four of the cone-shaped fuses were shipped to Taiwanese officials in fall 2006 instead of the helicopter batteries they had ordered.   
2008. 4.25[U.S.A.]U.S. government sources say that Israel's decision to attack Syria on Sept. 6, bombing a suspected nuclear site set up in apparent collaboration with North Korea, came after Israel shared intelligence with President Bush this summer indicating that North Korean nuclear personnel were in Syria. 
2008. 5.20[China]Earthquake in Sichuan province, nuclear sites damaged. Two nuclear fuel production sites and two atomic weapons sites, between 40 and 90 miles from the epicentre. 
2008. 5.22[U.S.A.]Fire onboard nuclear powered Nimitz class US Aircraft Carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73). Fire was detected in the morning near aft air conditioning and refrigeration space and auxiliary boiler room, spread to more places through electrical cable way. Ships crew as a team extinguished the fire after several hours of fire fighting. 23 crew members were treated for heat stress and one crew was treated for first degree burns. 
2008. 6.15[U.S.A.]Blueprints for a sophisticated nuclear bomb may have been passed in recent years to Iran or North Korea ? or even to terrorist groups.  The bomb blueprints were discovered in 2006, but their existence has only now been made public. They were found on computers belonging to three Swiss businessmen under investigation for their ties to the smuggling ring directed by Khan, who is under house arrest for having sold nuclear secrets to Libya and other countries. 
2008. 6.27[DPRK] Destroys cooling tower at nuclear plant. Almost simultaneously, President George W. Bush announced that Washington was removing North Korea from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism, and issued a proclamation lifting some sanctions under the Trading with the Enemy Act.
2008. 7. 8[France] An accidental spillage of waste containing uranium occured  at one of France's top nuclear plants. Some 30 cubic metres (over 1,000 cubic feet) of effluents containing 12 grammes (easily less than half an ounce) of uranium per litre spilled out at the Tricastin Nuclear Power Centre in Bollene in southern France.
2008. 7. 9[Iran] Nine missiles had been fired in total, including a new Shahab-3, with a range of 2,000km (1,240 miles).  
2008. 7.9[Japan-Australia]The International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, a joint initiative of the Australian and Japanese Governments. It aims to reinvigorate international efforts on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, in the context of both the 2010 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, and beyond. Prime Minister Rudd and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda agreed to establish the Commission. 
2008. 7.17[U.S.A.] Possible Nuclear Leak by U.S. Submarine. Japan's Foreign Ministry said in a statement that it was informed by the U.S. Navy that a small amount of radiation might have leaked from the nuclear-powered USS Houston as it traveled around the Pacific.
2008. 7.18[France] Another "Incident" at French Nuclear Plant. A security incident has occurred at a French nuclear site already under scrutiny due to other scares this summer. Two fuel units became snagged in a reactor at Tricastin in southern France when site workers were removing them for maintenance. The reactor building was evacuated. 
2008. 7.26[Iran]Remark by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that Iran possesses more than 5,000 centrifuges, which can produce nuclear material suitable for a power plant or, if highly enriched, an atomic bomb.
2008. 8.9[U.S.A.]Democratic Party Platform on Nuke and Nonproliferation Issues, approved.<BR>
Preventing the Spread and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction:A World Without Nuclear Weapons:America will seek a world with no nuclear weapons and take concrete actions to move in this direction. We face the growing threat of terrorists acquiring nuclear weapons or the materials to make them, as more countries seek nuclear weapons and nuclear materials remain unsecured in too many places. We will maintain a strong and reliable deterrent as long as nuclear weapons exist, but America will be safer in a world that is reducing reliance on nuclear weapons and ultimately eliminates all of them. We will make the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons worldwide a central element of U.S. nuclear weapons policy.Secure Nuclear Weapons and the Materials to Make Them:We will work with other nations to secure, eliminate, and stop the spread of nuclear weapons and materials to dramatically reduce the dangers to our nation and the world. We will convene a summit in and regularly thereafter) of leaders of Permanent Members of the U.N. Security Council and other key countries to agree on implementing many of these measures on a global basis. End the Production of Fissile Material:We will negotiate a verifiable global ban on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and work to strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.End Cold War Nuclear Postures:We will work with Russia to take as many weapons as possible off Cold War, quick-launch status, and extend key provisions of the START Treaty, including its essential monitoring and verification requirements. We will not develop new nuclear weapons, and will work to create a bipartisan consensus to support ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which will strengthen the NPT and aid international monitoring of nuclear activities.
2008. 9. 6[NSG] Approving by 45 members of The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) to carry out nuclear commerce, ending 34 years of isolation of India. 
2008. 9.25[U.S.A.] U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier George Washington deployed in Yokosuka, 50 miles from metropolitan area of Tokyo.
2008. 9.25[China] Launches 3-man crew into space China. Carries out first space walk.
2008. 9.30[France-India] Signed a agreement for civil nuclear cooperation with France. With this pact, France became the first country to enter into a formal understanding with India after the Nuclear Suppliers Group exempted India from its guidelines earlier this month.  
2008.10.10[U.S.A.-India]US-India Nuclear treaty. The U.S. Senate ratified the deal 86 to 13 a week after the House passed it on 10.2. 
2008.10.11[U.S.A.]US removes North Korea from terrorism blacklist.　
2008.10.18[Pakistan-China] China-Pakistan nuclear power plant deal. 
2008.10.22[India]Satellite orbiting Moon unmanned.
2008.11.4[U.S.A.] Barack Obama wins presidential election,pledging to move toward a nuclear free world.
2008.11. 8[Russia]Accident on a Russian nuclear submarine. At least 20 people died in when a fire extinguishing system was activated by mistake.The dead are reported to be six sailors and 14 civilians.  
2008.11.12[Iran]Tests of new anti-ship missile in Gulf of Oman. 
2008.12. 2[United Nations]Resolution, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, adopted by the General Assembly.  175 in favour to 1 against(United States),  3 abstentions(India, Mauritius, Syria),and 14 absents (Angola, Central African Republic, Comoros, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Gambia, Haiti, Kiribati, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tuvalu).
2008.12. 5[Russia-India]India-Russia nuclear deal signed.
2009. 2.13[China] Defense Minister Liang Guanglie, China's intention to build aircraft carriers.Reports state that two 50,000-60,000 ton aircraft carriers are due to be finished by 2015.
2009. 2.3[UK- France]Two British and French nuclear submarines collision in heavy seas in the Atlantic. Each carries 16 M45 ballistic missiles, weighs 35 tons each, carries six warheads and has a range of around 5,000 miles. 
2009. 2.25[Iran]The first test of  nuclear power plant. Tests were carried out at the Bushehr nuclear power plant using "dummy" fuel rods, loaded with lead in place of enriched uranium to simulate nuclear fuel.
2009. 3.7[U.S.A.- Russia] Russia and U.S.A. set out demands for a comprehensive new nuclear weapons agreement to replace the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (Start I) of 1991. On June 6 President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev began talks toward reducing their nuclear arsenals by nearly a third. 
2009. 3.24[France]FRANCE: The French government to compensate victims of nuclear tests for the first time. A draft bill to be submitted to parliament. On December .23 French lawmakers approved legislation to compensate victims of atomic tests carried out over almost 40 years in the Algerian Sahara and French Polynesia. 
2009. 4. 6[DPRK] Llaunching the rocket at 11:30 a.m. local time, or 10:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. Early reports from the Japanese prime minister’s office indicated that the three-stage rocket appeared to launch successfully, with the first stage falling into the Sea of Japan and the second stage into the Pacific. South Korea vowed a “stern and resolute” response to the North’s “reckless act.” North Korean officials confirmed on February 24 that their country is making preparations to launch a communications satellite, a move that would also constitute a new test of North Korean missile capabilities.
2009. 4. 6[U.S.A.] Obama's speach of the nuclear weapons-free world. He told a crowd of tens of thousands gathered in morning sunshine in Prague that America, as the sole country ever to fire a nuclear weapon in anger, bore the moral responsibility for launching a new era of nuclear disarmament aimed at eliminating nuclear stockpiles. His presidency, Obama declared, would see "America's commitment to seek the peace and security of a world without  nuclear weapons." Obama said he would downgrade the role ascribed to nuclear weapons in the US's national security doctrines. He pledged he would press the US Senate "immediately and aggressively" to ratify the comprehensive test ban treaty never fully endorsed by the Americans. "It is time for the testing of nuclear weapons to be banned," said the president.
2009. 4.13[UN] The  Security Council condemnation for North Korea's missile tests. It said it will punish them with tougher sanctions.Although all 15 council members agreed, the statement was a weaker response than Japan and the US wanted - Russia and China opposed their attempt to go tougher on the communist state.
2009. 4.15[DPRK] Withdrawal from six-party talks, in response to UN condemnation of its launch of a rocket on April 5. The U.S. State Department confirmed  that its inspection team, completely separate from the IAEA mission, had also been told to leave.International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors, who monitored the disablement of a nuclear facility in North Korea, have left the site with surveillance cameras switched off on Pyongyang's demand.
2009. 4.24[EU]European Parliament approves with a majority of 177 votes against 130 an amendment introducing the "Model Nuclear Weapons Convention" and the "Hiroshima-Nagasaki Protocol" as concrete tools to achieve a nuclear weapons free world by 2020. 
2009. 5. 6[UN] Recommendation by The third PrepCom for the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Reaffirm the commitments of States parties under Article VI relating the nuclear disarmament.
2009. 5.13[Russia]New national security strategy, an updated version of its 1997 policy, outlines major threats to the country's national security and defines its national interests.  The strategy paper, "a comprehensive and fundamental document" intended to last until 2020, was approved by President Dmitry Medvedev. Russia will pursue a "rational and pragmatic" foreign policy, avoiding costly confrontation and a new arms race, the document said.  Russia will actively participate in multilateral cooperation and make its cooperation with Commonwealth of Independent States members a priority, the paper said. 
2009. 5.25[DPRK] The second nuclear test. North Korea insists it has a right to nuclear weapons, it has staged a "successful" underground nuclear test.The state says it was more powerful than the previous one in October 2006. The North Korea gave no details of the test location, but South Korean officials said that a seismic tremor was detected in the north-eastern part around the town of Kilju - the site of North Korea's first nuclear test. The US Geological Survey said a 4.7-magnitude quake was detected at 0054 GMT, 10km (six miles) underground. 
2009. 6.13[DPRK] Says it will start enriching uranium.  A few hours after the U.N. Security Council slapped it with tough new sanctions for detonating a second nuclear device, the government of Kim Jong Il changed its tune, vowing that it would start enriching uranium to make more nuclear weapons. Declaring that it would meet sanctions with "retaliation," North Korea also pledged to "weaponize" all the plutonium it could extract from used fuel rods at its Yongbyon nuclear plant, which was partially disabled last year as part of the North's agreement to win food, fuel and diplomatic concessions in return for a promise to end its nuclear program. 
2009. 7.2[IAEA] Japan's Yukiya Amano chosen as the next head. He touched on the devastation U.S. atom bombs wreaked on his country in pledging to do his utmost to prevent the spread of nuclear arms.The decision by the 35-nation International Atomic Energy Agency board ended a tug of war on who should succeed Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, who saw his agency vaulted into prominence during a high-profile 12-year tenure.
2009. 7. 6[U.S.A.-Russia] The US and Russia agreement to work towards cutting deployed nuclear warheads to as few as 1,500 each.U.S.A President Obama and the Russian prime minister, Dmitry Medvedev, signed a framework deal aimed at cutting warheads to a maximum of 1,675 within seven years of a nuclear arms reduction treaty coming into force. Current treaties allow for a maximum of 2,200 warheads, though both sides are thought to have more than that deployed, or capable of launch. According to some expert estimates of current numbers, the new commitment would mean each side scrapping almost 1,000 warheads.The pact signed also calls for the number of strategic delivery systems to be reduced to between 500 and 1,100 on each side, from 1,600 under current treaties. Such systems include intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched missiles and heavy bombers. 
2009. 9.17[U.S.A.] US withdrawal of  Central Europe Missile Defense Shield. The Obama administration quietly announced  it. 
2009. 9.24[UN] UN security council votes unanimously for a resolution on disarmament and non-proliferation.The summit in New York represented the first time the security council had met to focus on the elimination of nuclear weapons. Barack Obama, who at the same time became the first US president to chair a council session, described the resolution as "historic", saying it "enshrines our shared commitment to the goal of a world without nuclear weapons." The resolution calls for states with nuclear weapons to continue disarming, to ratify a ban on testing them and to agree a treaty stopping the production of fissile material. In return, non weapons states should accept stronger safeguards designed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons.The resolution, however, is non-binding, and there are many obstacles to its aspirations becoming reality. 
2009. 9.24[UK] British Prime Minister Gordon Brown signales at the U.N. General Assembly that he is prepared to scale back the country's Trident submarine nuclear deterrent as part of a "global bargain" to reduce the world's nuclear arsenal.
2009. 9.24[UN] Conference on Facilitating the Entry Into Force of the CTBT ). U.S.A. joined.
2009. 9.25[Iran] Iran admits secret uranium enrichment plant, sending. a letter to Mohamed ElBaradei, the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),  saying it had established a second pilot uranium enrichment plant, parallel to the one monitored by the IAEA in Natanz. November 30  Iran authorizes 10 new uranium plants 
2009.10.14[France] Reports of discovery of kilos of plutonium at a plant in Cadarache in the south of France which was closed in 2003. The discovery has brought to a halt the dismantling of the plant and raised questions over when the discovery was made.The plant at Cadarache produced MOX for nuclear reactors. It was shut down in 2003 and was in the process of being dismantled since March this year.
2009.11. 6[Germany]  Agreement of the new German CDU (Christian Democrat) and FDP (Liberals) coalition on a policy of withdrawal of US nuclear weapons from Germany. 
2009.12. 2[UN]  U.N. General Assembly's adoption of a Japan-initiated resolution on abolishing nuclear arms that the United States joined as one of the proposing nations for the first time. Similar resolutions have been passed annually for the past 16 years, and this year was the first time in nine years for the United States to declare its support. While North Korea and India voted against, and eight other countries including China, France and Iran abstained, the resolution passed the assembly with 171 votes. 
2009.12. 5[U.S.A.- Russia] Expiration of Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-1) signed by the United States and the Soviet Union on July 31, 1991, five months before the U.S.S.R. collapsed. 
2009.12.10[Norway- U.S.A.] Barack Obama's Nobel Prize Acceptance. "Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land. Some will kill. Some will be killed.War, in one form or another, appeared with the first man." " At the dawn of history, its morality was not questioned; it was simply a fact, like drought or disease - the manner in which tribes and then civilizations sought power and settled their differences. Over time, as codes of law sought to control violence within groups, so did philosophers, clerics, and statesmen seek to regulate the destructive power of war." " The concept of a "just war" emerged, suggesting that war is justified only when it meets certain preconditions: if it is waged as a last resort or in self-defense; if the forced used is proportional, and if, whenever possible, civilians are spared from violence. So part of our challenge is reconciling these two seemingly irreconcilable truths - that war is sometimes necessary, and war is at some level an expression of human feelings."